The field of oncology research has made many successful advances, and new discoveries have started making headlines. As an example, the identification of immune checkpoint inhibition mechanisms in carcinogenic cells led to the development of immunoassays, which have helped many cancer convalescents recover. This article covers the most advanced cutting-edge areas of cancer research: exosomes, microbiomes, immunotherapy, nanocarriers, and organoids. Research on exosomes advances cancer detection and treatment modalities, as well as further understanding of mechanisms that regulate carcinogen cell division, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Microbiome consents the researchers to understand the disease cancer. Immunotherapy is the third method in the treatment of cancer. Organoid biology will be further expanded with the aim of translating research into customized therapeutic therapies. Nanocarriers enable cancer specific drug delivery by inherent unreceptive targeting phenomena and implemented active targeting strategies. These areas of research may also bring about the advent of the latest cancer treatments in the future. Malignant infections are one of the leading grounds for demise in the society. Patients are treated with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. In chemotherapy, the malignant cells are destroyed and the tumor burden is reduced. However, in most cases, resistance to chemotherapy develops. Therefore, there is a constant need for new additional treatment modalities and chemotherapeutic complex rules. Due to the rapid development in cancer research, I can only mention a few goals and treatment options that I have chosen; However, this review specializes in new and admirable significant strategies and compounds.

The null hypothesis is a statement that asserts that there is no relationship between two variables or no difference between two groups. In molecular genetics, the null hypothesis is often used to test the validity of research hypotheses that pertain to the relationship between specific genetic variations and various traits or diseases. In this article, I will discuss the process of disapproving the null hypothesis in the context of molecular genetics research and the importance of accurately doing so in order to draw valid conclusions from studies.

In contrast to Watson-Crick (WC) base pairing, Hoogsteen (HG) base pairing involves flipping a purine base 180° between its anti and syn conformation. Recent studies have shown that HG pairs coexist in dynamical equilibrium, and several biological functions depend on them. This significance has stirred computational research on this base-pairing transition. However, a methodical reproduction of sequence variations has continued to be out of reach. It is becoming increasingly clear that Hoogsteen base pairs play a crucial role in DNA replication, recognition, damage repair, and incorrect sequence repair. The Protein Data Bank contains a variety of Hoogsteen base pairing modes that include the preference for A-T versus G-C bps, TA versus GG pairs, and a preference for 5'-purines at terminal ends. RNA A-form duplexes are strongly disfavoured by Hoogsteen base pairs, in stark contrast to B-form DNA. Therefore, N1-methyl adenosine and N1-methyl guanosine, which is found in DNA as alkylation impairment and in RNA as posttranscriptional adjustments, have great differences in effects. They create G-C+ and A-U Hoogsteen base pairs in duplex DNA that preserve the structural integrity of the double helix but obstruct base pairing altogether and induce local duplex melting in RNA, providing a mechanism for potently disrupting RNA structure through posttranscriptional modifications. In duplex DNA, they maintain the structural integrity of the double helix by creating G-C+ and A-U Hoogsteen base pairs, but block base pairing altogether and cause local duplex melting in RNA, thus providing a potent means for disrupting RNA structure post transcriptionally. As a result of the markedly different inclinations for B-DNA and A-RNA to form Hoogsteen base pairs, they may be able to balance the opposing demands of maintaining genome stability and dynamically modulating the epitranscriptome. This review examines the occurrence of Hoogsteen base pairs in DNA and RNA duplexes.

The greatest cause of cancer-related mortality is cancer metastasis, which is the spread of cancer cells from the original tumour to distant areas. Urokinase (uPA) is one of the important proteases involved in this process. By encouraging cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis, uPA plays a critical part in the spread of cancer. Numerous cancers have an overexpressed uPA system, which is linked to a poor prognosis and a higher chance of metastasis. The project focuses on the state of the science around uPA inhibitors as a possible therapeutic for preventing or treating cancer metastasis. Different kinds of uPA inhibitors, including as monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, and plasminogen activator inhibitors (PAIs), have been created and have showed promise in preclinical investigations. To prove their effectiveness in treating cancer patients, more study is necessary. A promising strategy for preventing or treating cancer metastasis involves targeting the uPA system with specific inhibitors or through techniques like gene therapy, anti-uPA/uPAR antibodies, uPA-targeted nanoparticles, and dual inhibitors that target multiple proteases involved in cancer metastasis. uPA inhibitors have also been researched as potential indicators for estimating the likelihood of cancer spread.

<abstract> <p>In humans particularly in children, adenovirus is one of the most common viruses that cause respiratory illnesses. Knowing how to detect adenovirus proficiently and rapidly will help reinforce surveillance of adenovirus infections, detect epidemic situations in real-time, and understand the trend of virus epidemics, which will allow effective actions to be taken quickly. The rapid detection of antiviral antibodies or viral antigens in clinical samples can be achieved by molecular diagnostic techniques like PCR, Real-Time PCR, LAMP, mPCR-RLB, PCR-ELISA, Tem-PCR, Gene Chip, and so on. Some of the molecular diagnostic methods are relatively economical, exceedingly sensitive and explicit. There are several commercially accessible molecular diagnostic techniques that enable their use in clinical laboratories all over the world. In this review, the principles, characteristics, and applications of molecular biology surveillance methods commonly used in labs and clinics for the detection of human adenoviruses are examined and highlighted.</p> </abstract>