Background: Neoplastic lesions are one ofthe causes oflymphadenopathy, which harbors a wide spectrum of diseases.It is essential to conduct a lymph node biopsy and histopathological examination of the enlarged nodes. Histological processing beginswithnoticingdownthegrossfeatures.Itis possible torecognize thediseaseprocess bygrosslyexamininglymphnodes. Objectives: The objective of thisstudy isto characterize the neoplastic lymph node grossly on the premise of itssize,shape, cutsection appearance andpatternofinvolvementwhetherpresentingassingle,multipleormatted. Methods: The study used cross-sectional, quantitative methods, conducted in a hospital over a one-year period from 30thApril 2018 to 29thApril 2019 at Department of Pathology, TUTH. Ourstudy included participants with neoplastic lymph nodes who underwent excisional and lymph node biopsynodedissection, alongwithotherradicalprocedures.Wenotedthegrossfeatures of aneoplastic lymphnode. Results: The mean diameter of the largest lymph node with a neoplastic lesion was 2.02± 0.86 cm. The majority of neoplastic lymph nodes were round.Matted lesionswere found in seven cases, discretemultiple lymph nodesinvolved in 16 cases, and single lymph nodewasinvolved in 16 cases. Metastasisinvolving lymph nodes was most common in invasive carcinoma of the breast, NST.Among primary tumors of lymph nodes, most were Hodgkinlymphomas.Typically,lymphnodeswere irregular andshowedhomogenous brown and irregular grey white areas on cut sections. Conclusion: Neoplastic lymph nodes are characterized by different gross characteristics depending on theirshape, cutsection, and location. Pattern oflymph nodesinvolved is associatedwith origin of cancer(metastatic or primary tumor oflymph node).For amore complete understanding of gross features of lymph nodes, a rigorous study is recommended to identify whether the gross appearance of lymph nodes correlates with neoplastic pathologyandtodosimilarstudieswithlargersample sizes.

Introduction Hand grip strength is used in evaluation of muscle strength and is also increasingly being used as an indicator for nutritional status. The maximum force applied voluntarily by the subject is called maximum handgrip strength, which is measured in kilograms. Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle or muscle group to perform against a load for an extended period of time, measured in seconds. This study aims to correlate body mass index with handgrip strength and handgrip endurance in medical students. MethodsThis is a cross sectional, observational study which included 74 undergraduate students of Maharajgunj Medical Campus by convenient sampling method. Body mass index was calculated by Quetelet’s formula. Camry digital hand dynamometer was used to measure handgrip strength in the dominant hand in kilograms. Participants were instructed to hold dynamometer with maintained pressure of 30% of maximum handgrip strength for as long as possible to determine the handgrip endurance. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS Statistics software. ResultsThe handgrip strength was more in males than females with a mean of 43.09±3.72 kg, while handgrip endurance was more in females with a mean of 123.60±50.65 sec. Positive correlation was seen between body mass index and handgrip strength (r=0.23 and p=0.045). Body mass index and handgrip endurance also showed positive correlation (r=0.34 and p=0.003). ConclusionSignificant correlation of body mass index with handgrip strength and handgrip endurance was seen in medical students.

Introduction Patients presenting with a thyroid nodule, if malignant, may call for removal. A good screening tool with high diagnostic value for preoperative evaluation is preferred. Through real-time visualization of the needle to aspirate from the suspicious site, ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology could be an excellent screening tool. Materials and method A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at Ganesh Man Singh Memorial Academy of Ear Nose Throat–Head and Neck Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal, from September 2018 to November 2019. We included 59 subjects of 15–72 years meeting the inclusion criteria. All study participants underwent preoperative ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration cytological evaluation of thyroid nodule, which was correlated with their histopathological findings to determine diagnostic values. Result The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology of thyroid nodule was 96.96%, 61.53%, and 81.35%, respectively. On stratification according to size, high sensitivity of 100% was observed in evaluating lesions of size < 2 cm and > 4 cm. There was a good inter-rater agreement between findings of ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology and histopathology with a kappa coefficient of 0.607. Conclusion Ultrasonography-guided fine needle aspiration cytology is a reliable procedure to evaluate thyroid lesions with high diagnostic value. It is an excellent tool for evaluating small, non-palpable nodules.

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