In this paper, a tetra(n-butyl)ammonium salt of iron III -substituted phosphotungstate@lead oxide composite, (TBA) 4 PW 11 Fe@PbO, was successfully synthesized by the thermal decomposition method as a nanocatalyst for oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of gas oil. The incorporation of the materials was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet−visible (UV−vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characterization methods. To evaluate the catalytic activity of (TBA) 4 PW 11 Fe@PbO, the ODS process was carried out using a CH 3 COOH/H 2 O 2 oxidizing agent at 60 °C. From the attained results, the total sulfur and mercaptan content of real gas oil were reduced with 97% efficiency after 2 h. Furthermore, the various comparative experiments were performed to investigate the capability of (TBA) 4 PW 11 Fe@PbO in ODS of prepared model fuel. Results were indicated that the kinetics of sulfur oxidation fitted the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The probable mechanism was proposed via the electrophilic mechanism through the formation of a peroxometalate intermediate complex with phasetransfer properties. After 5 oxidation runs, the heterogeneous nanocatalyst was separated and recovered easily.

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The possible mechanisms damaging perovskite solar cells have attracted considerable attention in the photovoltaic community.

Perovskite materials, as the heart of perovskite solar cells, attracted great interest in the photovoltaic community since the efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSC) dramatically increased to over 25%. However, the presence of Pb metal in the perovskite crystalline limits the progress of this new generation of solar cells from environmental aspects. Here, we have systematically investigated the impact of the decomposition of perovskite material on the a special plant, named Coleus. We found that the influence of the decomposition of a perovskite solar cell ( namely p-PbI2) has a three-fold lower destroying than commercial PbI2 which named s-PbI2 on the Coleus pant in the same condition. In particular, the p-PbI2 influenced on the roots and leaf slower and smoother than s-PbI2. Remarkably, the amount of water absorption with the plant′s root from p-PbI2 is two- fold lower than s-PbI2, indicating that s-PbI2 dramatically wasted water from roots and showing the most harmfulity. In following, the atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was measured the lead concentration of the Coleus plants ashe which indicated that the amount of Pb in first week was estimated about 3.2 and 2.1 ppm for synthetic PbI2 (s-PbI2), and decomposed perovskite (p-PbI2), respectively, which for two next weeks the amount of Pb were calculated about relatively close together and finally in the last week decreased to 1.8 ppm for s-PbI2 and increased to 2.4 ppm for p-PbI2. Therefore, we conclude that the Coleus plant absorbed more Pb metal from s-PbI2 than p-PbI2 of a PSC, which is in contrast with recent report in Nature Communication′s paper, as will explain in the following sections. This paper opens new avenues and challenges about the actual scenario on the impact of perovskite materials in PSCs on the plant and live metabolisms.