PCS symptoms are not unique to MTBI, and may be seen in conditions such as CP.

Phenomenological research on forgiving another is presented with a focus on impetus, outcome, and relationship to reconciliation. Preliminary implications for psychotherapeutic application of the distinction between forgiveness and reconciliation are introduced.

This study investigated the relationship of age and gender to the MMPI scores of patients with chronic pain; 1,766 patients with musculoskeletal lumbar and/or cervical pain were evaluated, using the MMPI. Multivariate analysis of variance (p < .001) revealed main effects for gender and age group variables; no interaction effects were found. For the age group variable, significant differences were found on two validity and seven clinical scales. Subjects in the 70‐ to 90‐year age group produced the lowest scores on all scales except L, F, and MF. Linear declines across age groups, and quadratic effects were found on some scales. The authors hypothesize that developmental transitions may account in part for these findings.

Pretreatment and posttreatment MMPI scores of 821 patients who completed a chronic pain program were submitted to a multivariate analysis of variance, examining the effects of age, gender, and insurance sponsorship. With the exception of scale 9, all clinical scales were significantly lower at posttreatment. Only the sponsorship variable was found to be a moderator variable for these treatment effects, with decreases on scales 1, 2, 3, and 0 attenuated in subjects with Worker's Compensation sponsorship compared to other sponsorship. Suggestions for further multivariate research with this population are discussed.

Reversal techniques represent a variety of interventions whose roots can be found in psychodrama and gestalt therapy. The focus of the variation discussed here is couple therapy. Each person is asked to speak as though he or she were his or her partner. Particular attention is paid to using the technique to enhance rapport between the partners and encourage willing behavior change through increasing empathy and identification. The technique is discussed within the framework of the concepts of enmeshmentl disengagement and confluence/contact.To know where the other person makes a mistake is of little value. It only becomes interesting when you know where you make the mistake, for then you can do something about it.Carl Jung (1973, p. 226) The use of reversal techniques can likely be traced to the Viennese psychiatrist Jacob Moreno and the therapy approach psychodrama (Moreno, 1946(Moreno, , 1953). An essential element of psychodrama is the "free expression of feelings through unrehearsed, spontaneous acting" (Korchin, 1976, p. 391). Moreno's legacy is probably less in the practice of psychodrama as a pure technique and more so in its adoption and adaptation to the common techniques of role play and reversal. These techniques appear to draw their therapeutic potency, at least in part, by allowing, through the playing of another, the viewing of both the other's