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Introduction: Self-medication with antibiotics (SMA) is a major health problem in the developing world including the kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This practice remains an emerging challenge for the healthcare providers. A few previous studies have estimated the prevalence of SMA among the general population of KSA, but there had been no such studies on healthcare students. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of SMA among medical, non-medical students and to evaluate its determinants. Methodology: A survey-based cross-sectional study using validated questionnaire was conducted amongst students at King Faisal University in KSA. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were applied to identify the determinants of SMA. Results: The prevalence of SMA was 58.4% with significantly lower proportion among medical students. Tonsillitis was the most common symptom for which SMA was used and was reported by a significantly higher proportion of medical (54.1%) students. Despite, the awareness of medical students about SMA is unsafe and mal-practice (79.9%), the prevalence of SMA practice remains high. Logistic regression analysis showed that students who incorrectly, identified the effectiveness of antibiotics in treating bacterial infections, the reasons of the antibiotics discontinuation had a higher likelihood to SMA. (OR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.52-4.503, P = 0.001), (OR = 1.575, 95% CI: 0.923-2.686, P = 0.09), respectively. Conclusions: SMA remains noticeably high among the medical students. To overcome this problem, we highly recommend improving the health education to better address this malpractice and improve the students’ knowledge, attitudes and awareness towards the antibiotics use and prescription pattern.

This article is devoted to an analysis of household demand for private tutoring in Tunisia. The data come from the National Household Budget, Consumption and Standard of Living Survey. Logistic regression models are used to determine the association between family socio-economic conditions and the decision to use private tutoring. The results show that the demand for private tutoring is positively linked to a family's patrimony and its financial capacity. The negative coefficient of the dwelling factor may seem strange given that households which own their dwelling can be considered wealthy people, but this is not the case in Tunisia. Family size is positively and significantly correlated with private tutoring. This can be explained by the particularity of the Tunisian context. Location is an important factor, and households in coastal areas are more motivated for private lessons.

In this work, the probability of return for random walks on Z, whose increment is given by the k-bonacci sequence, is determined. Additionally, the Hausdorff, packing and box-counting dimensions of the set of these walks that return an infinite number of times to the origin are given. As an application, we study the return for tribonacci random walks to the first term of the tribonacci sequence.