ResumenSe presentan los resuitados del estudio de 12 brotes de histoplasmosis ocurridos en seis departamentos colombianos ubicados en el área andina. Ocurrieron 3 brotes en cada uno de los departamentos de Tolima, Caldas y Antioquia y 1 en Cundinamarca, Boyacá y Risaralda. En 9 de los 12 brotes, se identificaron las actividades que condujeron a la infección por el hongo, a saber, visitas a cuevas, remoción de tierra de un árbol hueco y de cal agrícola contaminada con excretas de aves, demolición de casa vieja, empleo de tierra abonada con gallinaza y tala de cafetales. Se recuperó Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum en 5 de los 8 brotes en los que fue posible procesar muestras ambientales para recuperar el hongo. El estudio de las 332 personas que estuvieron en contacto con el foco infeccioso se realizó por medio de pruebas inmunológicas para determinar la presencia de anticuerpos; los resultados aportaron los siguientes datos: 11 pacientes constituyeron los casos índice y 140 (42%) las personas infectadas con el hongo. Los casos anteriores revelan la importancia de la infección por este hongo en. individuos inmunocompetentes, quienes por razones de ocupación o de recreación, se exponen a los aerosoles infectantes generados al alterar su hábitat.
ResumenSedeterminó lavariedad y el serotipode 192 aislamientosde Cryptococcusneoformans recuperados de 1972 a 1992; 163 de origen clínico y 29 del medio ambiente. En los aislamientos clínicos se determinaron las dos variedades de C. neoformans: la variedad neoformans en el 92,6% de los pacientes y la variedad gattiien el 7,4%. En el medio ambiente se encontró lavariedad neoformansen el 100% de los aislamientos. El serotipo encontrado con más frecuencia fue el serotipo A, el cual se observó en el 92% de los aislamientos clínicos y en el 100% del medio ambiente, seguido por el serotipo 6 @,S%); también, se determinaron aislamientos de los serotipos C (0,6%) y D (0,6%). C. neoformans var. neoformans se recuperó en todos los años de los que se tuvieron aislamientos y C. neoformans var. gattii solamente se observó en aislamientos clínicos a partir de 1986. C. neoformansvar. neoformansfue aislado durante los 12 meses del atio y C. neoformansvar. gattiise encontró distribuido en los meses defebrero, abril, junio, agosto, septiembre y diciembre. C. neoformansvar. neoformans se observó en 109 (66,9%) cepas de pacientes del sexo masculinoy en 36 (22,1%) del sexo femenino; C. neoformansvar. gattii se observó en 5 (3%) cepas de hombres y en 6 (3,7%) mujeres. SummaryThe variety and serotype of 192 isolates of Cryptococcusneoformans isolated between 1972 and 1992 -163 of clinical origin and 29 of environmental origin -was determined. In the clinical isolates two varieties of C. neoformanswere identified: C. neoformans var. neoformansappeared in 92.6% of the patients and C.neoformans var. gattii in the other 7.4%. C.neoformansvar. neoformanswas found in 100% of the environmental isolates.Serotype A was most frequently encountered, being observed in 92% of the clinical isolates and in 100% of the environmental isolates, followed by serotype B (6.8%). Serotype C (0.6%) and D (0.6%) isolates were also identified.C. neoformans var. neoformans was seen in every year during which isolates were recorded but C. neoformansvar. gattiiwas only observed in clinical isolates from 1986 onwards. C. neoformans var. neoformans was isolated throughout the whole year and C. neoformansvar. gattiiwas encountered only in the months of February, April, June, August, September and December. C. neoformans var. neoformans was observed in 109 strains (66.9%) from male patients and in 36 strains (22.1%) from female patients. C. neoformans var. gattii was observed in 5 strains (3%) from men and 6 (3.&%) from women. V S r . t i r ic: co N :riiuioloq 't. t'srii-lo Nac 3na oe Sa . C Pri C Gr ,110 uc MIz*ociolcg a. nsiii .lo h;ic<.na iie S4 .u
La persistencia de bacilos viables y la monoterapia con diamino-difenil-sulfona (DDS) son los principales factores que favorecen las recidivas de la lepra. Presentamos 33 pacientes con lepra lepromatosa (LL) diagnosticada 7 a 48 años antes de la recidiva, que recibieron monoterapia con DDS durante 4 a 38 años. Veintiocho fueron tratados, además, con poliquimioterapia (PQT) irregular, no supervisada, desde 1983. Cinco sólo recibieron DDS. Éstos presentaron la recidiva entre 13 y 20 años después de suspenderla. Las recidivas se diagnosticaron por reaparición de las lesiones clínicas o por la presencia de nuevas zonas anestésicas; todas se confirmaron con la baciloscopia y, en 20 casos, por la biopsia de piel. Cuatro pacientes presentaron en la biopsia de la recidiva, lepra indeterminada (LI) y uno lepra dimorfa tuberculoide (LDT), todos con presencia de bacilos intraneurales; los demás fueron LL. Dos pacientes recidivaron, aun con PQT razonablemente supervisada. Los demás curaron con PQT supervisada. Los factores predisponentes para la recidiva fueron: monoterapia con DDS por varios años; PQT irregular con dosis inadecuadas, sin supervisión del tratamiento; abandono de la PQT, y relación inadecuada entre el paciente y el personal de salud. Las recidivas de la lepra se deben buscar en todos los pacientes colombianos con lepra multibacilar que fueron tratados con DDS solo durante años. La clínica, la baciloscopia y la biopsia individualmente o en conjunto son métodos confiables para establecer las recidivas.Palabras clave: lepra multibacilar, recidivas de la lepra. Relapses after multibacillary leprosy treatmentLeprosy relapses are mainly due to bacillary persistence and diamino-diphenyl-sulphone (DDS) monotherapy. Case histories were examined for 33 patients with lepromatous leprosy (LL), diagnosed 7-48 years before the relapse and treated only with DDS during 4 to 38 years. Twenty-eight patients received irregular non-supervised polychemotherapy (PCT) since 1983. Five patients received only DDS, and presented relapses 13-20 years after the treatment was stopped. Relapses were diagnosed by clinical methods, including the reappearance of lesions or presence of new anesthetic areas. All cases were confirmed by bacilloscopy, and a subset of 20 cases by skin biopsy. Four patients presented indeterminate leprosy (IL) and one patient borderline tuberculoid leprosy (BT) in the biopsy. The latter 5 demonstrated presence of intraneural bacilli; the remainder were LL. Two patients relapsed even with PCT treatment. The others were cured with supervised PCT. Predisposing factors for relapses were as follows: DDS monotherapy, irregular PCT with inadequate dosage, unsupervised treatment, treatment uncompliance, and inadequate relationship between the patient and the health staff. Inspections for relapse in leprosy is recommended for in all multibacillary patients that were treated with DDS. The clinical appearance of new lesions or new anesthetic zones, the bacilloscopy and skin biopsy, used together, are effective in establishi...
The natural habitat of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, serotype B in the environment was established by Australian investigators who demonstrated its association with species of Eucalyptus. The aim of the present study was to search for the habitat of this variety in a city of Colombia, where clinical cases due to this variety occur with great frequency. For a period of 5 months detritus, vegetable material and air samples in and around 68 almond trees (Terminalia catappa) located in the city were studied. C. neoformans var. gattii serotype C was the only variety isolated from two of the 68 trees sampled. These trees were positive for 4 of the 5 months during which they were studied. From the first positive sample kept under refrigeration, it was possible to isolate the fungus up to 3 months later. This is the first report of the isolation of serotype C from the environment. More studies are required in order to establish the ecological significance of this finding.
study presented here demonstrates the value of searching for additional cases arnony associates of every positively diaynosed case. This permits an early detection, opportune treatment and, consequently, the prevention of disabilities, al 1 important objectives of the Colombian National Leprosy Control Program.
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