Self-purification process is an important process in the effort of recovering the river condition itself. This process usually takes place naturally. However, several inhibitions might disturb the process. It was indicated by the slow deoxygenation rate and unhealthy river condition. This research aims to identify the influence parameters responsible for the slow of self-purification in the Cikapundung River, which is located in the urban area of Bandung City, Indonesia. The river water samples were taken and analyzed in the laboratory to obtain the water quality. The deoxygenation rate was also calculated based on the Slope Method after data was acquired from 10 days daily observation. Research showed that the value of urban river deoxygenation rate is relatively low. The low value of the rate of deoxygenation led to the difficulty in rivers to purify themselves. Pollutants inhibiting the process include phenol, detergent, and heavy metals, which are contaminating the river over the maximum standard. Biologically, the decomposer consists in the river is few. It leads to a slow organic degradation rate. The condition is representing the low capacity of self-purification of the Cikapundung River which is caused mainly by chemical and biological parameters.

Discovery of two compounds in ethylacetate extract of snake fruits (Salacca edulis Reinw) variety Bongkok were pyrolle-2,4-dicarboxylic acid-methyl ester and 3-hydroxystigmastan-5(6)-en (β-sitosterol) compounds. In a previous study, two new compounds were observed an antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity. Pyrolle-2,4-dicarboxylic acid-methyl ester posses cytotoxic activity against MCF7 and T47D cell line. 3-hydroxystigmastan-5(6)-en (βsitosterol) from snake fruit ethyl acetate extract-potential as anticancer still remains unknown and will be observed in his study. The cytotoxic assay was performed using 3-(4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) (MTS) method in MCF and T47D cell lines to determine the IC 50 of the β-sitosterol from snake fruit extract. Cytotoxic assay revealed that the (βsitosterol) compound of snake fruit (Salacca edulis Reinw) inhibits the proliferation and viability of MCF7-breast cancer line-(IC 50 = 45.414 µg/mL) and T47D-breast cancer stem cell line-(IC 50 = 1.1942 µg/mL). The result obtained from the current study demonstrated that the β-sitosterol from snake fruit (Salacca edulis Renw.) extract exhibited in vitro cytotoxicity against MCF7 (breast cancer cell line) and T47D (breast cancer stem cell line).

Citarum River is a river that passes in the Purwakarta City at its middle segment. The riverbank is overflowing with people's houses with its wastewater outlet leading directly to the river. Various efforts can be implemented in order to improve the environmental conditions of the Citarum River. One of the activities that can be conducted is the prediction of water quality through the modeling of river quality. This domestic waste polluted river model generally uses BOD and DO equations which require the coefficient of deoxygenation rate in its calculations. This study aims to determine the value of the coefficient of deoxygenation rate using the method of laboratory experiment and using the empirical formula. The coefficient will gives more accurate result of urban river quality modeling. Samplings were carried out at two locations that are considered to represent river condition. The laboratory analysis method used in the calculation of deoxygenation rate is using Winkler Method and Slope Method, while Empirical Formula is used in calculating deoxygenation rate using Hydroscience Equation. The results of the analysis and calculations show that the value of the deoxygenation rate range (K1) in the middle segment of Citarum River ranges from 0.10 to 0.17 per day and the BOD Ultimate (La) concentration ranges from 18.46 to 24.43 mg/L. As for the value of deoxygenation rate range (K1) on Citarum River using empirical formula ranged from 0.270 to 0.278 per day. The difference in value can be attributed to the actual deoxygenation rate in the Citarum River is hampered by the factors that disrupt the process of decomposition of organic matter and its capability on self purification process.

The purpose of this research is to find out determine the effect of the most effective extraction time and to determine the effect of the most effective type of acid in the production process of gelatin bone of tilapia fish. This research was using by Split Plot Design (SPD) with 3 times replication, so make 27 experiments were obtained. For main plot is extraction time (4 hours, 5 hours and 6 hours) and subplot is type of acid (4% chloride acid, 3% acetic acid and 6% citrate acid). Response in this research is physical response such as gel gelatin strength, viscosity and rendement total, chemical response such as pH, protein content and ash content and test of bone gelatin of tilapia fish with commercial gelatin. The main research result showed that the extraction time had significant effect on gelatin gel strength, gelatin viscosity, gelatin rendement, acidity degree (pH) of gelatin, gelatin protein content and gelatin ash content. Types of acid had significant effect on gelatin gel strength, gelatin renedement, acidity degree (pH) of gelatin, gelatin protein content and gelatin ash content, and interaction of time of extraction and type of acid had significant effect on gelatin gel strength, gelatin viscosity, gelatin rendement, acidity degree (pH) of gelatin, gelatin protein content and gelatin ash content to the extraction process of bone gelatin of tilapia fish. Based on the comparative test, the characteristics of gelatin of tilapia bone that close to commercial gelatin are a3b2 treatment (6 hours of extraction time, 3% acetic acid) with the result of gelatin gel strength 132,93 bloom; viscosity 5,83 cP; the amount of rendement 16,94; pH 6,10; protein content 83,62%; and ash content of 0.64%.

AbstrakTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh rasio tepung talas:jamur tiram putih dan konsentrasi kuning telur terhadap karakteristik cookies. Model rancangan percobaan yang digunakan dalam penelitian pembuatan cookies adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 2 (dua) faktor, dilakukan dengan 3 (tiga) kali ulangan, sehingga diperoleh 27 satuan percobaan. Faktor percobaan terdiri dari rasio jamur tiram putih:tepung talas (1:2, 1:1, 2:1) dan konsentrasi kuning telur (6%, 9%, 12%). Hasil penelitian yang didapat bahwa rasio tepung talas:jamur tiram putih berpengaruh terhadap warna, rasa, tekstur, dan respon kimia pada cookies. Konsentrasi kuning telur berpengaruh terhadap aroma cookies. Interaksi antara rasio tepung talas:jamur tiram putih dan konsentrasi kuning telur berpengaruh terhadap warna dan rasa cookies. Perlakuan terbaik diperoleh pada perlakuan rasio jamur tiram putih:tepung talas 1:2 dan konsentrasi kuning telur 6%. Cookies hasil eksperimen terbaik mengandung kadar air 2,48%, kadar protein 25,08%, kadar serat 2,26%, dan kadar karbohidrat 71,46%. Kata kunci : Cookies, tepung talas, jamur tiram putih, kuning telur. AbstractThe purpose of this research is to know the effect of ratio taro flour:white oyster mushrooms and egg yolk concentration on the characteristics of cookies. The model of experimental design used in the research of making cookies is Randomized Block Design (RAK) with 2 (two) factors, conducted with 3 (three) times repeatitions, so obtained 27 experimental unit. Factors experiments consists of ratio of white oyster mushrooms:taro flour (1:2, 1:1, 2:1) and egg yolk concentration (6%, 9%, 12%). The research results obtained that ratio of white oyster mushrooms:taro flour affect color, taste, texture and chemical response of the cookies. Concentration of egg yolk affect flavors of the cookies. The interaction between the ratio of white oyster mushrooms:taro flour and egg yolk concentration affect on color and taste of the cookies. The best treatment is taken from ratio of white oyster mushrooms:taro flour 1:2 with egg yolk concentration is 6%. Cookies result of best experiment contain water content 2,48%, protein content 25,08%, fiber content 2,26% and carbohydrate content 71,46%.