No abstract

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) develops from keratinocytes. As per the statistical analysis, it is the second most frequent skin cancer after Basal cell carcinoma among non-melanoma skin cancers and its incidences are more than death cases . Australia has the highest incidence as compared to the rest of the world. This type of cancer is caused primarily by the exposure to the UV radiation, coming from the sun. SCC develops due to the alteration in the DNA of the squamous cells present in the outer skin layer. In this carcinoma, an early stage shows replacement of normal epithelial cells by atypical squamous cells throughout the epidermis, resulting in abnormal growth. Immunotherapy has shown to be a promising development in the past few years. The recent activities have increased our understanding of the tumour microenvironment, various immunotherapeutic modalities or combination therapy (like chemotherapy with immunotherapy). The complete perspective of the immunotherapy treatment has not been realized yet. Additionally, the effects of such modalities in combination with immunotherapy in cancer patients are still exploratory phase.

Bladder cancer is a type of cancer, which arises from the epithelial lining (urothelium) of the urinary bladder due to the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the bladder. Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the most common type of cancer, involving urinary bladder. It is one of the leading causes of death, worldwide. As per statistical analysis, it is the 7 th leading cancer in men worldwide and 17 th leading cancer in women worldwide. The bladder cancer represents 4.5% of all the new cancer cases in U.S. The bladder cancer is mainly of three types: Transitional cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. The molecular instabilities and abnormal metabolic pathways play a key role in the development of urinary bladder cancer and its progression. Intravesical immunotherapy has been approved by FDA for the treatment of urinary bladder cancer and some other drugs, vaccines, and therapies are in clinical trials for FDA approval. Everolimus, sorfenib, and suitinib are highly potential agents for the treatment of urinary bladder cancer and are under clinical trials. Researchers are still challenged in exploring innate and adaptive immune systems.