The levels of C-reactive protein, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, and alanine transaminase, and the platelet count were linked with the presence and severity of pre-eclampsia.

Serum β-human chorionic gonadotropin profi le and its correlations with ultrasound parameters in low-lying-implantation ectopic pregnancy in the fi rst trimester

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Many pharmaceutical, surgical, and complementary medical interventions are used for primary dysmenorrhea treatment. However, no consensus has been reached about the most effective intervention. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> To compare the efficacy and safety of IV tramadol versus IV paracetamol in relieving acute pain of primary dysmenorrhea. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This randomized controlled trial was conducted in a tertiary referral hospital and included 100 patients between 18 and 35 years old diagnosed with primary dysmenorrhea. Patients received either 1-g paracetamol or 100-mg tramadol in 100-mL normal saline as an IV infusion over 10 min. Pain intensity was measured by using a visual analog scale at 15, 30, 60 min, and 2 h. We recorded drug side effects and requirements for rescue analgesics. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Pain scores were significantly lower in the tramadol group compared with the paracetamol group at 15, 30, 60 min, and 2 h (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). Fewer patients in the tramadol group needed rescue analgesics compared with the paracetamol group (<i>p</i> = 0.04). No significant differences were reported in side effects between both groups. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> IV tramadol is superior to IV paracetamol in relieving acute pain of primary dysmenorrhea with a comparable side effect profile.

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