Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) G. Manetti ex Carrière) is an endemic species in the mountains of North Africa that is attracting international interest in its use in the reforestation of degraded ecosystems. This study aims to investigate and evaluate the morphoanatomical characteristics of needles of four cedar populations localized in the Middle and High Atlas Mountains. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA), descriptive power, scatter-plot of the discrimination function, scatter-plot of discrimination, and dendrogram of the closest Euclidean distances were made on traits. The results of the linear model of ANOVA nested as population and tree within population suggest the differences statistically significant for the traits measured at a different level. Among these traits, the length of the needle, the width of a vascular bundle including endodermis, and thickness of the wall of hypodermis cell revealed the highest discriminating characters among populations of C. atlantica from the Middle and High Atlas and between the populations of the Middle Atlas. The agglomeration of populations over short Euclidean distances also showed a higher level of differentiation between two ecotypes of C. atlantica not very geographically distant in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco. The ecotype belonging to Aït Oufella and Aït Ayach confers this species a place of choice in the projects of revalorization of the Mediterranean populations, especially in semiarid areas.
The variation in some adaptive characters of cedar needles was studied in two different regions of the Moroccan Middle Atlas that have different local environmental conditions and levels of genetic diversity. The two populations are localized in the Azrou and Ifrane regions. Tukey’s tests showed that the needle/brachyblast number (Nn/R), length (Nl), and needle width (Nw) showed the greatest variation. In addition, all anatomical characters studied showed a significant correlation with Nw, whereas only the area of the vascular bundles (AVb) was related to Nl. Discriminant analysis revealed that Nn/R, Nl, and the area of the central cylinder (ACc) are high-discriminating characters among populations of Azrou and Ifrane and confirms their isolation. These adaptations of the morphological and anatomical traits of the Atlas cedar needles of the Azrou and Ifrane regions are discussed in relation to the local environmental conditions and have been found to be in harmony with their genetic distinctiveness revealed previously.
The study of morphological and anatomical characteristics of leaves is important for assessing the geographical variation of species. The ecological adaptability of forty individuals from four populations of Cedrus atlantica were studied, based on analysis of morphological and anatomical traits. The results of the Spearman nonparametric coefficient of correlation showed that the number of stomatal lines (NLS) and the length of the needle (NL) are negatively correlated to altitude and positively to latitude and precipitation sums, while the width of the needle (NW), the thickness of the cuticle (CT), and the number of needles per rosette (NN/R) were negatively related to temperature. In addition, the sum of precipitation is negatively correlated with NW. The first two principal components account for 58.18% of the variation. According to Tukey’s test and Kruskal–Wallis test, all populations had at least three characters separating them at a statistically significant variation. Moreover, the hierarchical classification led us to the individualization of three main groups. All these results show an adaptation of the structure of the needles of C. atlantica from Morocco to the geographical position and the climatic conditions of the populations.
Le cèdre de l'Atlas (Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) G. Manetti ex Carrière) est une espèce endémique des montagnes du Maroc et de l’Algérie. Il constitue une ressource vitale pour les populations et d’intérêt bioécologique et socio-économique considérable. Cette ressource naturelle est malheureusement menacée par plusieurs facteurs de dépérissement et l’évolution rapide du climat vers la sécheresse, ce qui le pousse à modifier sa morphologie pour acquérir des caractères d’adaptation. Dans cette thèse, l’identification des traits morphologiques et anatomiques adaptatifs de Cedrus atlantica au Maroc est abordée via : L'évaluation de l’adaptabilité écologique et la microévolution des populations naturelles de atlantica basée sur l'analyse des caractères morphologiques et anatomiques des aiguilles. L’étude de certains caractères adaptatifs des aiguilles des populations du cèdre dans le Moyen Atlas central présentant des conditions environnementales et des niveaux de diversité génétiques différents. L’étude morphométrique effectuée sur des caractères morpho-anatomiques de l'aiguille dans des populations naturelles dans les montagnes du Moyen et du Haut Atlas au Maroc. Les résultats de l’évaluation de l’influence de la géographie sur la morphologie et l’anatomie des aiguilles du C. atlantica montrent l’existence d’une adaptation de la structure des aiguilles à la position géographique et aux conditions climatiques des populations. De même, les populations du Moyen Atlas central présentant des conditions environnementales et des niveaux de diversité génétiques différents ont montré que les adaptations morpho-anatomiques des aiguilles sont en harmonie avec leur spécificité génétique révélée précédemment. Enfin, l’étude comparative de la variabilité morpho-anatomique des aiguilles des populations du Moyen et du Haut Atlas a confirmé l'existence de deux écotypes distincts génétiquement de C. atlantica, géographiquement distants dans les montagnes de l'Atlas. En conséquence, cela a permis de cerner l'écotype en conférant à cette espèce une place de choix dans les projets de revalorisation des populations méditerranéennes, en particulier sur les zones semi-arides. Ces résultats montrent que les traits morpho-anatomiques des aiguilles permettent l’évaluation de la diversité intra- et inter-population chez le cèdre de l’Atlas. De plus, ils ont une importance capitale dans les programmes de sélection ainsi que dans les études relatives à la microévolution du genre Cedrus au Maroc.
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