avoid food shortages. However, the implementation of intensive agricultural practices such as excessive irrigation, tillage, and chemical fertilizers to increase crop productivity has devastated soil and farmland quality. [1,2] Particularly, acidification, salinization, and organic matter decomposition in soils typically coincide with agriculture practices, which adversely affect crop productivity and soil fertility. [3][4][5] Additionally, the inefficient absorption of conventional chemical NPK (i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) fertilizers by plants are among the main drivers of environmental eutrophication. [6] Therefore, many efforts are being made to develop novel strategies to overcome these drawbacks, including new types of fertilizers that can both maximize crop nutrient use efficiency and restore soil quality. [7,8] Novel smart fertilizer structures should not only be sensitive to crop rhizosphere, thus selectively releasing NPK or other crop macronutrients, but should also be made with non-toxic and low-cost materials. Crop nutrient use is maximized when the sensing ability of smart fertilizers is coupled with slow-releasing activity,

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This study investigated emissions of CH 4 , N 2 O and NH 3 from nine anaerobic digestion plants that treat biowaste. The treatment is in form of mechanical pre-treatment, anaerobic digestion followed by a composting with or without intensive aeration. The exhaust gases from the mechanical and anaerobic steps are treated by biofilters. The emission sources at the plants consisted of biofilters, combined heat and power units (