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Background Regular sports or physical training contributes in increasing the body’s pulmonary function. The increase of pulmonary function is determined by the strength of respiratory muscle, thoracic compliance, upper respiratory system resistance, and pulmonary elasticity. Objective To compare pulmonary function between athletes and non-athletes aged 13-15 years. Methods This is a cross-sectional analytical study conducted onnior high school students aged 13-15 years throughout June to August 2017. Participants are classified as athletes from particular sports and non-athletes. Assessment of pulmonary function was done using a spirometry test, in which each subject was asked to inhale and exhale in a particular method. Parameters assessed include vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC), expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced expiratory flow (FEF) and FEV1/FVC. Differences in lung function between athletes and non-athletes were analyzed using independent T-test. Results There were 60 athletes and 60 non-athletes included in this study. The mean age of athletes and non-athletes were 13.38 (SD 0.99) years old and 13.70 (SD 0.76) years old, respectively. The statistically significant differences in mean lung function parameters between athletes and non-athletes were as follows: VC: 85.03% vs. 79.41%, respectively (P=0.035); FVC: 95.66% vs. 88.43%, respectively (P=0.016); FEV1: 102.10% vs. 94.28%, respectively (P=0.016); and FEV1/FVC: 105.95% vs. 102.69%, respectively (P=0.011). However, there were no statistically significant differences in the means of FEF 25-75% between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusions Parameters of lung function in athletes are in general significantly higher than in non-athletes.

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Hyperbilirubinemia is a common problem in neonatal period, occurring in 60-70% of term and 80% of preterm infants in the first week of life. The elevation of free unconjugated bilirubin can enter the central nervous system which is noxious to neuron and increase the risk of acute bilirubin encephalopathy (ABE). Risk factors of encephalopathy bilirubin or kernicterus with hemolytic disease such as ABO or Rhesus haemolytic disease, G6PD deficiency. The incidence of ABE is about 0.9/100 000. Clinically bilirubin encephalopathy can be devided into 2 phase, acute and chronic phase. The initial of acute phase is noted by lethargy, hypotonia, decreased movement and poor suck, the symptoms will get worsen if the baby doesn't get adequte therapy. The main of management ABE is exchange transfusion and continues phototherapy to reduce bilirubin level and prevent further hemolysis.We report a case of exchange transfusion in initial phase of acute encephalopathy bilirubin in a 7-day old neonate with ABO incompatibility, whom had icterus since the first day of life. Other complaints are poor feeding, lethargy and hoarsness of cry since one day before admitted to hospital. He was born from mother with O blood type and positive rhesus. The patient had B blood type with positive rhesus, coomb test was positive and the total bilirubin was 41.49 mg/dL, direct bilirubin was 2.8 mg/dl and indirect bilirubin was 38.69 mg/dL. The patient was treated with exchange transfusion, intensive phototherapy.