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Background:Secondhand smoke has been a big problem for human being worldwide as it is well-established risk factors for cancers. ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) bear high burden of cancers since the high prevalence of secondhand smoke. The objective of this study is to estimate the burden of cancer attributable to secondhand smoking in ASEAN.Methods:This research was using descriptive epidemiological incidence and prevalence-based research design, with cancers incidence and mortality data gained from GLOBOCAN 2012. Secondhand smoke attributable fractions (SAFs) of six cancers (lung, bladder, colorectal, stomach, pancreas and larynx) were estimated and burden of cancers caused by secondhand smoking in ASEAN were calculated in term of incidence and mortality.Results:Secondhand smoking estimated for 453,562 cancer cases and 323,284 of total cancer mortality in 2012. The number of incidence and death of lung cancer attributable to secondhand smoking show the highest number compared with other type of cancers. Furthermore, we found that the number of cancer cases and cancer deaths attributable to secondhand smoking varied by each countries due to differences in size of population, various background risk of the cancer, and prevalence of secondhand smoking in each country.Conclusion:Secondhand smoking has been a risk factor for about two-fifth of cancer incidence and mortality in ASEAN. Therefore, ASEAN member countries are strongly encouraged to put in place stronger tobacco control policies and to strengthen the existing tobacco control measure in order to decrease the number of secondhand smokers and more effectively control cancers.

South East Asia is one of the world's largest tobacco epidemic regions which tobacco smoking is known increase the risk of various diseases, including cancer. As data from GLOBOCAN 2018 has had released on September 2018, the aim of this study are to calculate the estimated burden of several types of cancer attributable to tobacco smoking in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 2018 and compare it with established result data in 2012. So it can be highlight what has been achieved and what it needs to be addressed by member countries of ASEAN to strengthen cancer prevention against tobacco smoking. This study was using descriptive epidemiological incidence and prevalence-based research design to estimate the burden of 14 types of cancer attributable to tobacco smoking in member countries of ASEAN, in term of incidence and mortality. The cancer incidence and mortality data gained from GLOBOCAN 2018. According to the estimation, tobacco smoking was responsible for 121,849 new cancer cases in 2018 (106,858 male and 14,991 female cases) in ASEAN 2018. Our findings are mostly lower than previous study in 2012, both for cancer incidence and mortality in male and female. It seems more ASEAN member states are adopting effective policies in the MPOWER suite of interventions such as raising taxes on tobacco, establishing smoke-free areas and implementing graphic health warnings in decreasing number of tobacco smoking. Therefore, ASEAN member countries are strongly encouraged to strengthen the existing tobacco control measure in order to effectively gain a significant decline of tobacco smoking related cancer in the future.

Secondhand smoke (SHS) has been well established as one of risk factor for many diseases. Although exposure to SHS has been associated with various medical conditions, the evidence on the effect of it on healthrelated quality of life (HRQoL) is still limited. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the association between SHS with HRQoL. Terms and keywords relevant to secondhand smoking behaviors and HRQoL were used in a search of the electronic database. Three electronic databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) and Google Scholar were used. Searches were limited to English language, included papers: a) had clearly defined measures of SHS exposure and b) had clearly defined measures of outcome variables related to HRQoL. A total of 42 studies were initially retrieved and reviewed. After further review of references from the retrieved studies, 8 studies were finally selected that met all eligibility criteria. The reviewed studies consisted of three cross-sectional study analyses, two cohort studies, one longitudinal analysis and one study using bivariable and multivariable analysis. Those findings consisted of varied number of population and conducted from different countries. Exposure to SHS was associated with generally lower HRQoL, suggesting that detrimental effects of SHS exposure on HRQoL are not limited to patients with diseases (chronic disease, COPD, or heart failure) but also in healthy never smoking children and adult, both in man and woman. Our review study showed that SHS exposure towards healthy or people with disease, children, adult, both in man and woman were associated with decreased HRQoL. It can provide new evidence for stronger smoke-free policies on public places and promoting smoke-free homes.

Objectives: Many studies reported that secondhand smoke associated with many health problems including multiple types of cancer. Both secondhand smoking and cancer have a significant economic impact on society, especially in developing countries. To assess this economic burden, we estimated the costs of lost productivity due to premature mortality cancer attributable to secondhand smoking in Indonesia.Methods: This study used to estimating the number of premature mortality cost (PMC) of six cancers (lung, bladder, colorectal, stomach, pancreas and larynx) due to secondhand smoking in Indonesia. This research was using descriptive epidemiological prevalence-based research design, with cancers mortality data gained from Indonesian National Health Insurance (NHI) database in 2016. Results: Burden priorities for Indonesian men and women accounted for IDR 1,075 trillion by lung cancer, IDR 667 trillion by colorectal cancer and IDR 336 trillion by pancreas cancer out of total PMC IDR 2,665 trillion. We also calculated present value for total PMC which was IDR 2,512 trillion after discounted by 3%. The higher premature mortality cost in males than females reflects higher wages and rates of workforce participation.Conclusion: Lost productivity costs due to cancers related to secondhand smoking premature mortality were significant source of high economic burden in Indonesia. The result of this study may provide an alternative perspective on the cancer burden on society and to strengthen tobacco and smoke free control policy decisions.