Background:Secondhand smoke has been a big problem for human being worldwide as it is well-established risk factors for cancers. ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) bear high burden of cancers since the high prevalence of secondhand smoke. The objective of this study is to estimate the burden of cancer attributable to secondhand smoking in ASEAN.Methods:This research was using descriptive epidemiological incidence and prevalence-based research design, with cancers incidence and mortality data gained from GLOBOCAN 2012. Secondhand smoke attributable fractions (SAFs) of six cancers (lung, bladder, colorectal, stomach, pancreas and larynx) were estimated and burden of cancers caused by secondhand smoking in ASEAN were calculated in term of incidence and mortality.Results:Secondhand smoking estimated for 453,562 cancer cases and 323,284 of total cancer mortality in 2012. The number of incidence and death of lung cancer attributable to secondhand smoking show the highest number compared with other type of cancers. Furthermore, we found that the number of cancer cases and cancer deaths attributable to secondhand smoking varied by each countries due to differences in size of population, various background risk of the cancer, and prevalence of secondhand smoking in each country.Conclusion:Secondhand smoking has been a risk factor for about two-fifth of cancer incidence and mortality in ASEAN. Therefore, ASEAN member countries are strongly encouraged to put in place stronger tobacco control policies and to strengthen the existing tobacco control measure in order to decrease the number of secondhand smokers and more effectively control cancers.

South East Asia is one of the world's largest tobacco epidemic regions which tobacco smoking is known increase the risk of various diseases, including cancer. As data from GLOBOCAN 2018 has had released on September 2018, the aim of this study are to calculate the estimated burden of several types of cancer attributable to tobacco smoking in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 2018 and compare it with established result data in 2012. So it can be highlight what has been achieved and what it needs to be addressed by member countries of ASEAN to strengthen cancer prevention against tobacco smoking. This study was using descriptive epidemiological incidence and prevalence-based research design to estimate the burden of 14 types of cancer attributable to tobacco smoking in member countries of ASEAN, in term of incidence and mortality. The cancer incidence and mortality data gained from GLOBOCAN 2018. According to the estimation, tobacco smoking was responsible for 121,849 new cancer cases in 2018 (106,858 male and 14,991 female cases) in ASEAN 2018. Our findings are mostly lower than previous study in 2012, both for cancer incidence and mortality in male and female. It seems more ASEAN member states are adopting effective policies in the MPOWER suite of interventions such as raising taxes on tobacco, establishing smoke-free areas and implementing graphic health warnings in decreasing number of tobacco smoking. Therefore, ASEAN member countries are strongly encouraged to strengthen the existing tobacco control measure in order to effectively gain a significant decline of tobacco smoking related cancer in the future.

Paparan rokok pada perokok pasif  meningkatkan risiko terjadinya penyakit jantung koroner dan stroke pada orang dewasa, dan juga gangguan pernafasan hingga kematian pada anak-anak. Perokok pasif menjadi penyebab 42.000 kematian pada kanker, dan sebanyak 7000 lebih kematian disebabkan oleh kanker paru. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menghitung beban ekonomi dari sisi Years of Life Lost (YLL). Estimasi nilai years of life lost  (YLL) untuk 6 penyakit kanker akibat perokok pasif diambil per kelompok jenis kelamin. YLL dihitung dengan mengalikan angka harapan hidup menurut standar WHO Life table dan estimasi kematian akibat kanker.Diperoleh hasil nilai YLL laki-laki dan perempuan apabila dijumlahkan yakni, nilai terbesar ialah pada kanker paru-paru (19.823 person years), diikuti dengan kanker kolon (19.007 person years), kanker pankreas (14.155 person years), kanker perut (3.372 person years), kanker kandung kemih (3.251 person years) dan kanker laring (1.242 person years). Kesimpulannya, terdapat 3 penyakit kanker akibat perokok pasif yang menimbulkan jumlah kehilangan tahun (akibat kematian dini YLL) terbesar ialah kanker paru-paru, kanker kolon dan kanker pankreas. Pertimbangan indikator YLL penting dilakukan sebagai sumber informasi dalam penentu kebijakan. Nilai YLL dari kanker paru cukup tinggi, hal ini perlu menjadi perhatian serius bagi pemerintah dan tenaga kesehatan agar lebih mewaspadai dan menghimbau terkait bahayanya paparan perokok pasif bagi masyarakat.

The prevalence of DM increased from 108 million (4.7%) in 1980 to 425 million (8.5%) in 2017, and is predicted to be 629 million in 2045 1 . All types of diabetes especially type 2 diabetes are a common chronic disease, which is a major public health problem and affects almost every country in the world. An estimated 9.3% of the US population has diabetes. Diabetes is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and stroke and is a major cause of chronic renal failure, non-traumatic lower extremities, and blindness [1][2][3][4] . In some cases, T2D can be achieved by changes in lifestyle, diet, and physical activity, all of which result in weight loss. Lifestyle interventions in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) have shown a reduction in T2D incidence in obese adults of various races/ethnicities at high risk of developing T2D and long-term intervention showed good impact [5][6][7] . In 6-month weight loss in 57% of areas achieved with DPP lifestyle intervention 2,5,8 .The systematic review by Whittemore R.A (2011), assessing diabetes prevention programs focuses on the reach, acceptance, implementation, and behavior of the community towards the program. That review focuses on these implementation settings, such as a) community, b) primary health care, and c) work 9 . The same review by Laws R.A (2012) showed efficacy intervention by external validity and behaviors related to preventive programs. The results can generalized from external validity 10 . In this systematic review, the authors evaluate