This article aims at contributing to the ongoing academic debate about European integration. It stresses the need for an interdisciplinary approach rooted in history and political science. The argument is twofold. Most of the existing literature overlooks the historical dimension of contention over the making of Europe and implicitly makes it a contemporary phenomenon defined as Euroscepticism. This, it is argued, has led to some major analytical deadlocks. Consequently, it is necessary to reframe the debate through the notion of resistances to Europe. Resistances can be defined as manifestations of hostility towards one (or several) aspect(s) of European integration perceived as a threat with respect to one's values. This notion, this paper suggests, is particularly adequate to the study of past and present contention over European integration, which is highlighted with various empirical examples.
Cet article tend à observer des aspects méconnus du travail des femmes au travers des chants composés par des ouvrières lors des occupations d’usine et mouvements de grève dans les années 1970-1980. Ces sources inédites et peu explorées offrent un éclairage nouveau sur le travail de ces ouvrières, sur leur rapport à la famille et sur leur condition féminine dans l’univers industriel. Oubliées et inconsidérées par les organisations syndicales, le chant devenait leur voie d’accès à l’oralité, à la revendication, à l’expression des souffrances tues. Le chant lui-même dépassait largement la simple fonction du maintien de l’esprit combatif pour contrecarrer les règles régissant les comportements dans l’atelier. En prenant la parole, ces ouvrières évoquaient la place des femmes dans le monde industriel belge, leur condition de travail ainsi que la spécificité des relations famille-travail représentée par une lutte sociale dont les contours touchaient tant l’atelier que le foyer
Résumé La seconde moitié des années 1970 a été marquée par le succès des formes culturelles de la contestation sociale apparues lors des premières années de l’après-prospérité. Cette recherche vise à décrypter le contenu de ces expressions culturelles pour étudier les conséquences de la reconversion sur la population ouvrière du Borinage. En dépit des tentatives de relance de l’activité industrielle régionale, ce bassin charbonnier belge était confronté à sa deuxième crise sociale et économique en une vingtaine d’années. Les pièces de théâtre créées par les ouvrières en lutte ou les chants de protestation composés lors des occupations d’usine constituent une source historique originale pour observer la transition sociale et culturelle d’un ancien bassin charbonnier. Ces expressions culturelles de la contestation lors des fermetures des usines du Borinage servent de révélateur à une mutation identitaire où se croisent héritage des luttes des mineurs et combat d’une génération née au lendemain du déclin charbonnier.
In many ways, the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (EC-SC) could be considered as an advisory council dealing with social and economic issues. This fact is not in the least unconstructive but aims at highlighting the work involved in gathering and spreading information in various sectors: the concentration of capital investments, industrial output or workers' living conditions. On this last point, the workers housing construction program has been perceived as the major achievement of the High Authority's social policies. 1 From 1954 to 1979, it contributed to financing 165,511 dwellings of which almost two-thirds were allocated to the Federal Republic of Germany. 2 However, European programs were not only confined to the financial support for workers' housing construction. At the European level, the High Authority was the instigator of elaborate debates on effective means to reduce the cost of housing and to propose the ideal home for workers. Experts were consulted to promote modern architecture and innovative building techniques which would lead to an improvement of working class living conditions and therefore increase their productivity. 3 The postwar shortage of housing was obviously an economic and social concern in European coalfields. Building healthy and modern houses in these industrial areas was seen as an effective means to retain workers who tried to escape from dreadful underground working conditions.
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