Trump Effect." Anti-immigration rhetoric, personal safety threats, legal stress, and shifting requirements for both students and colleges means potential losses of billions of dollars in revenue and fewer degrees awarded by U.S. colleges. The loss of revenue aside, less diverse student bodies, fewer visiting scholars, and less international travel caused ripple effects throughout the global higher education landscape. This literature review explores the Trump effect, alternative explanations to the Trump effect, and suggests future research directions.

The online classroom environment may feel safer for students in marginalized groups because the sense of anonymity the environment can provide. While faculty purposely strive to ensure all students are treated equitably in traditional, in-person classrooms, faculty should not assume power and privilege are not impacting the online classroom environment for students, particularly students from underrepresented identities. Research indicates that marginalized students face different challenges in online classrooms than in traditional, in-person classrooms. Further, power and privilege manifests in the online classroom in different ways than in traditional classrooms. This chapter positions a critical lens on the ways that power and privilege impact the online environment, why marginalized students are drawn to the online classroom, the challenges they face, and how faculty contribute to the creation or resolution of these problems. Finally, the chapter concludes with strategies for intentionally promoting inclusion in online classrooms.

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Study abroad programs are designed to increase intercultural competencies in participants and provide them with a deeper understanding of issues of equity and inclusion globally. Social justice issues around higher education equity of access, funding, and social inclusion are currently at the forefront of the global education agenda. This literature review examines social justice issues in the United States, Ireland, and Northern Ireland. Subsequently, Ameny-Dixon's

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