Extra-pair paternity may drive selection on spermatozoa and ejaculate characteristics through sperm competition and cryptic female choice. Here, we examine sperm morphology in the black-throated blue warbler (Setophaga caerulescens), an ecological model species where extra-pair paternity is frequent and is linked with male age. We test whether sperm morphology relates to several aspects of male phenotype known or suspected to affect extra-pair paternity success. Sperm morphology did not correlate with the size of the white wing spot, a social status signal, nor with the volume of the cloacal protuberance. However, older males tended to have longer sperm cells. Although the sample size was limited, this pattern is intriguing, as longer cells may be advantageous in post-copulatory sexual selection and older males have larger testes and higher extra-pair paternity success in this species. Changes in sperm morphology with age are not observed in other birds, though they have been observed in insects and fishes. More research on sperm morphology is needed to clarify its role in extra-pair fertilizations in this well-studied species.
Nestlingscommunicate with parents via begging, but what does begging signal and how do parents . .^ajloeate food to their nestlings? We tested the signal-of-need (SoN) and signal-of-quality (SoQ) hypotheses for ., 'j ' '^iiè'stling b'eg^ñg in the Redrwinged B\ack.'èir'a{Agelaiusphoeniceus) by attempting to determine whether begging '•^r.'r' H-:.f'. f.fAneg|tivèlyî{S01Î')'oi''positively (SoQ) condition dependent, and by attempting to identify the attributes of nest-'' lings'that parents use'to allocate food within broods. We quantified begging by its mean intensity (scale 0-7) and mean duration and parental allocation by the number of times each nestling was fed. We found that the intensity and duration of begging were not correlated with nestlings' size (estimated by body mass and tarsus length), condition (estimated from the residual of mass regressed on tarsus length), age, sex, or testosterone concentration, so begging did not appear to be negatively or positively condition dependent. A generalized linear model showed that mean intensity of begging, body condition, and log testosterone concentration were significant predictors of the number of feedings. These results are consistent with parents using begging intensity and nestling quality, but not long-term need, to allocate food within broods.¿Cómo Asignan los Alimentos entre las Crías las Hembras de Agelaius phoeniceus?Resumen. Los pichones mendigan para comunicarse con sus padres, pero ¿qué señal representa esto y cómo los padres asignan los alimentos a sus pichones? Evaluamos las hipótesis de la señal de necesidad (SdN) y la señal de calidad (SdC) para pichones de Agelaius phoeniceus que mendigan intentando determinar si la mendicidad depende negativa (SdN) o positivamente (SdC) de la condición, e intentando identificar los atributos de los pichones que usan los padres para asignar los alimentos entre las crias. Cuantificamos la mendicidad de acuerdo a su intensidad media (escala 0-7) y duración media, y la asignación de los padres con el número de veces que cada pichón fue alimentado. Encontramos que la intensidad y la duración de la mendicidad no estuvieron correlacionados con el tamaño del pichón (estimado por la masa corporal y el largo del tarso), la condición (estimado a partir del residuo de la regresión de la masa con el largo del tarso), la edad, el sexo o la concentración de testosterona, por lo que la mendicidad no parece depender positiva o negativamente de la condición. Un modelo lineal generalizado mostró que la intensidad media de la mendicidad, la condición del cuerpo y la concentración logarítmica de la testosterona predijeron significativamente el número de provisiones de alimento. Estos resultados son consistentes con la noción de que los padres usan la intensidad de mendicidad y la calidad del pichón, pero no la necesidad de largo plazo, para asignar los alimentos entre las crias.
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