The COVID-19 pandemic has yielded disproportionate impacts on communities of color in New York City (NYC). Researchers have noted that social disadvantage may result in limited capacity to socially distance, and consequent disparities. We investigate the association between neighborhood social disadvantage and the ability to socially distance, infections, and mortality in Spring 2020. We combine Census Bureau and NYC open data with SARS-CoV-2 testing data using supervised dimensionality-reduction with Bayesian Weighted Quantile Sums regression. The result is a ZIP code-level index with weighted social factors associated with infection risk. We find a positive association between neighborhood social disadvantage and infections, adjusting for the number of tests administered. Neighborhood disadvantage is also associated with a proxy of the capacity to socially isolate, NYC subway usage data. Finally, our index is associated with COVID-19-related mortality.

Background: Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are chemicals, detected in 95% of Americans, that induce osteotoxicity and modulate hormones, thereby influencing bone health. Previous studies found associations between individual PFAS and bone mineral density in adults but did not analyze their combined effects. Objective: To extend weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression to a Bayesian framework (Bayesian extension of the WQS regression [BWQS]) and determine the association between a mixture of serum PFAS and mineral density in lumbar spine, total, and neck femur in 499 adults from the 2013 to 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods: We used BWQS to assess the combined association of eight PFAS, as a mixture, with bone mineral density in adults. As secondary analyses, we focused on vulnerable populations (men over 50 years and postmenopausal women). Analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic factors. Sensitivity analyses included bone mineral density associations with individual compounds and results from WQS regressions. Results: The mean age was 55 years old (SD = 1) with average spine, total, and neck femur mineral densities of 1.01 (SD = 0.01), 0.95 (SD = 0.01), and 0.78 (SD = 0.01) gm/cm2, respectively. PFAS mixture levels showed no evidence of association with mineral density (spine: β = −0.004; 95% credible interval [CrI] = −0.04, 0.04; total femur: β = 0.002; 95% CrI = −0.04, 0.05; femur neck: β = 0.005; 95%CrI = −0.03, 0.04) in the overall population. Results were also null in vulnerable populations. Findings were consistent across sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: We introduced a Bayesian extension of WQS and found no evidence of the association between PFAS mixture and bone mineral density.

Background: Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are chemicals, detected in 95% of Americans, that induce osteotoxicity and modulate hormones thereby influencing bone health. Previous studies found associations between individual PFAS and bone mineral density but did not analyze their combined effects. Objective: To extend weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression to a Bayesian framework (BWQS) and determine the association between a mixture of serum PFAS and mineral density in lumbar spine, total and neck femur in 499 adults from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods: We used BWQS to assess the combined association of nine PFAS, as a mixture, with bone mineral density in adults. As secondary analyses, we focused on vulnerable populations (men over 50 years and postmenopausal women). Analyses were weighted according to NHANES weights and were adjusted for socio-demographic factors. Sensitivity analyses included bone mineral density associations with individual compounds and results from WQS regressions. Results: The mean age was 55 years old (Standard Error [SE]=1) with average spine, total and neck femur mineral densities of 1.01 (SE=0.01), 0.95 (SE=0.01), and 0.78 (SE=0.01) gm/cm2, respectively. PFAS mixture levels showed no evidence of association with mineral density (spine: Beta=-0.004; 95% credible interval [CrI]=-0.04, 0.04; total femur: Beta=0.002; 95%CrI=-0.04, 0.05; femur neck: Beta=0.005; 95%CrI=-0.03, 0.04) in the overall population. Results were also null in vulnerable populations. Findings were consistent across sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: We introduced a Bayesian extension of WQS and found no evidence of the association between PFAS mixture and bone mineral density.

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