The objective of this paper is to underline the factors influencing the implementation of integrated project delivery (IPD) in public sector construction projects. These factors are broadly classified under legal, organizational and technological categories. Further the role of information modeling to foster the integration in project delivery is discussed. Focus is placed on the aspects/characteristics of information modeling that can contribute to implementation of integrated project delivery. Traditional project delivery methods have been found by researchers as inefficient and litigious. As a result, the construction industry is in a critical need of alternative delivery methods.IPD has emerged as a solution, although its implementation is not without challenges. Therefore factors influencing its implementation should be identified as a step towards its probable use in the future for public-sector construction projects. Owners, particularly the public ones, are apprehensive due to various factors. The purpose of this paper is to investigate these factors and suggest an information modeling approach to overcome the impediments.

IntroductionDiet and nutrition are leading causes of global morbidity and mortality. Our study aimed to identify and synthesise evidence on the association between food environment characteristics and diet, nutrition and health outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), relevant to urban settings, to support development and implementation of appropriate interventions.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive search of 9 databases from 1 January 2000 to 16 September 2020 with no language restrictions. We included original peer-reviewed observational studies, intervention studies or natural experiments conducted in at least one urban LMIC setting and reporting a quantitative association between a characteristic of the food environment and a diet, nutrition or health outcome. Study selection was done independently in duplicate. Data extraction and quality appraisal using the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute checklists were completed based on published reports using a prepiloted form on Covidence. Data were synthesised narratively.Results74 studies met eligibility criteria. Consistent evidence reported an association between availability characteristics in the neighbourhood food environment and dietary behaviour (14 studies, 10 rated as good quality), while the balance of evidence suggested an association with health or nutrition outcomes (17 of 24 relevant studies). We also found a balance of evidence that accessibility to food in the neighbourhood environment was associated with diet (10 of 11 studies) although evidence of an association with health outcomes was contradictory. Evidence on other neighbourhood food environment characteristics was sparse and mixed. Availability in the school food environment was also found to be associated with relevant outcomes. Studies investigating our other primary outcomes in observational studies of the school food environment were sparse, but most interventional studies were situated in schools. We found very little evidence on how workplace and home food environments are associated with relevant outcomes. This is a substantial evidence gap.Conclusion‘Zoning’ or ‘healthy food cart’ interventions to alter food availability may be appropriate in urban LMIC.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020207475.

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