Astrocytes are the most abundant cells of the central nervous system. These cells are of diverse types based on their function and structure. Astrocyte activation is linked mainly with microbial infections, but long-term activation can lead to neurological impairment. Astrocytes play a significant role in neuro-inflammation by activating pro-inflammatory pathways. Activation of interleukins and cytokines causes neuroinflammation resulting in many neurodegenerative disorders such as stroke, growth of tumours, and Alzheimer’s. Inflammation of the brain hinders neural circulation and compromises blood flow by affecting the blood–brain barrier. So the oxygen concentration is lowered, causing brain hypoxia. Hypoxia leads to the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) and hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF), which aggravates the inflammatory state of the brain. Hypoxia evoked changes in the blood–brain barrier, further complicating astrocyte-induced pathogenesis.

Obesity is becoming a worldwide issue. It is a multifactorial health problem. One of the most highlighted factors is the extra fat storage in the body. There are multiple types of fats, divided into healthy and unhealthy fats. Serum lipid profile is one of the routine tests which measures triglycerides, total cholesterol, lipoproteins in the body. It helps diagnose if an individual has specific high or low values to determine the link between weight and fat accumulation. There are possibilities that obesity is because of some other reason like genetic mutation or inflammation. The inflammatory mechanism of obesity is linked with the inflammation of adipose tissues leading to tissue hypoxia resulting in HIF-1αlpha and NFkB activation. Many interleukins and cytokines are activated in response, causing inflammation in the body. The body's inflammatory response is also found to affect the lipid profile values. Researchers have found that inflammation and lipid profile are separate indicators but are linked, and one affects the other significantly. High saturated fatty acids, VLDLs, dietary fats, n6-fatty acids and oxLDL increase inflammation in the body leading to obesity. On the other hand, unsaturated fatty acids, n3-fatty acids, HDL decrease inflammation in the body. Inflammation also affects values, as in hypoxia, HIF-1α is unregulated. It causes dyslipidemia, resulting in increased triglycerides and cholesterol in the body.

Purpose: The food supply chain (FSC) is a sequence of linkages and interdependencies that encompass a wide range of disciplines, from farms to food to consumer’s plates. Food supply chain management (FSCM) unites the major disciplines, aimed at providing an understanding of the supply chain (SC), supporting managers of the chain components, and improving the development activities of research in the SC. Method: Narrative review was conducted using available literature on Google Scholar and Scopus database. Results: In developing countries, many factors act as barriers to maintaining effective FSC. The potential reasons include the absence of infrastructure for cold chains and the lack of modern processing facilities that result in the highest inadequacies and losses of food and its allied products. Moreover, the whole FSC is loaded with various problems including quality and safety of products, poor SC connection, and cost-related issues. The important hindrance is “mandi systems (local word of wholesale markets)” that are entirely obsolete and ineffective in reducing food losses. Other issues include traceability problems, fair trading, technological issues, financial issues, processing, and value addition. Conclusion: Blending new and innovative models of FSC with mandi systems can decrease food waste and losses and further improve the income of producers and processors.

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