Objective:To assess the protein intake and requirement among subject with type 2 diabetes having foot ulcers.Methods:This study was conducted at Baqai Institute of Diabetology & Endocrinology (BIDE), a tertiary care diabetes centre of Karachi, Pakistan among people with type 2 diabetic foot ulcer attending foot clinic from January 2012 to March 2015. The baseline characteristics, dietary intake and laboratory investigations of the study participants were obtained through electronic hospital database “Health Management System” (HMS) based on the 24 hours dietary recall interview. Total grams of protein were calculated from each food group consumed by the subject. Protein intake of the subjects was recorded in mean grams and the protein requirement was calculated according to their body weight. The comparison of intake and requirement of protein choices was done through comparing the mean of both variables. SPSS version 13 was used for analysing the results.Results:A total of 542 subjects were included in the study, 365 (67.2%) were males and 178 (32.8%) were females. Mena age of the subject was 54.61±10.51 (yrs) with the duration of diabetes and mean body mass index were 14.22±7.98 (yrs) and 26.65±5.38 (kg/m2), respectively. The dietary records showed the protein intake of subjects with diabetic foot ulcer is not appropriate when compared to daily requirement. Mean grams of protein intake is 76.87gms in males and 56.84gms in females. On the other-hand protein requirement is much higher than the intake, which is 219.5gms in males and 130.2gms in females.Conclusion:Dietary counselling should be a part of the treatment among subjects with diabetic foot ulcer to identify their nutritional needs and suggesting them better option to fulfil their protein requirement essential for wound healing process.

Background: Genetic factors are involved in the development of T1D and studies have shown that the development of T1D also increases the risk of development of other autoimmune diseases. Objective: To assess the frequency of thyroid dysfunction in subjects with type 1 diabetes. Methodology: This study was conducted at Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology (BIDE), a tertiary care diabetes center of Karachi Pakistan from January 2005 to March 2017. Subject with type 1 diabetes (T1D) of all ages and both genders were included in the study. T1D was diagnosed on the basis of History, physical examination and relevant laboratory tests. The data of all registered patients was entered in a specially designed software. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was used as a screening test to assess thyroid dysfunction in subjects with type 1 diabetes. Further evaluation included FT4, T3 and thyroid antibodies where indicated. The data was analyzed on SPSS version 20. Results: A total of 153 T1D subjects (67 male and 86 female) were included in the study. Out of 153 subjects, 23 (15.0%) had thyroid dysfunction of which 17 (11.1%) were found to have hypothyroidism (subclinical or clinical), 6 (3.9%) were hyperthyroid while 130(84.96%) subjects were having normal thyroid function. Statistical differences were found in body mass index and serum creatinine level among the different categories of thyroid dysfunction. The required dose of insulin was higher (but not significant) in subjects having hypothyroidism as compared to hyperthyroid or subjects with normal thyroid function. Conclusion: High frequency of thyroid dysfunction was observed in subjects with T1D. Hypothyroidism was more common than hyperthyroidism. All subjects with T1D should be screened with TSH to evaluate for thyroid dysfunction.

The objective of this study is to determine the frequency of Occult hepatitis B virus (DNA) in cases of chronic hepatitis C in a tertiary care hospital of Karachi.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine the frequency of Occulthepatitis B virus (DNA) in cases of chronic hepatitis C in a tertiary care hospital of Karachi.Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Medical Department of Abbasi ShaheedHospital and Karachi Medical and Dental College after permission of ethical committee.Period: 15 December 2015 to 15 December 2016. Methods: Patients greater than 18 years ofage of either sex were included while those with positive HBsAg, history of alcoholism, bloodtransfusion, intravenous drug abuse and hemodialysis were excluded. After informed consentblood samples were collected and evaluated for HBV DNA by performing qualitative PCR. Datawas analyzed on SPSS version 16.0.p value of <0.05 was taken as significant. Result: Out of377 patients with chronic Hepatitis C Occult hepatitis B virus (DNA) was found in 211 (55.9%)patients. 238(63.1%) were male and 139 (36.9%) were female. Mean age of patient with occultHBV DNA was 56.07 9.19 years. Highest prevalence 99(46.7%) was found in patients withhistory of Hepatitis C for more than three year (p value 0.02). Conclusion: Occult hepatitis Bvirus is found significantly among HCV infected patients. A masked HBV infection may interferewith the clinical outcome of chronic hepatitis C and accelerate the evolution to cirrhosis.