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The Health Foundation's REAL Centre sets out its projections of future NHS workforce supply and demand in England, up to 2030/31.

Development economists generally concur that the implications of economic reform for employment are influenced by an economy’s institutional framework. This paper examines the extent to which differences in regional labour market flexibility shaped the impact of unanticipated economic reforms on employment in formal manufacturing firms in India in the 1990s, using pooled cross-sectional firm survey data. It employs a difference-in-differences strategy for this analysis and finds that, on average and ceteris paribus in the 1990–1997 period, declines in input tariffs were associated with increased employment in formal firms across all Indian states, while FDI reform was associated with increased (reduced) formal firm employment in states with flexible (inflexible) labour markets. Supporting analysis indicates that these results were underpinned, at least in part, by product market competition within the formal sector. As policy makers in developing economies increasingly emphasise increases in formal employment as a key policy objective, these findings are of general interest. They underline the relevance of market structure and geographical variation in institutional characteristics to a study of the effects of economic reform. Furthermore, this paper highlights the continuing relevance of formal sector analysis, notwithstanding the persistent primacy of informal enterprises in developing economies.

Nursing is the NHS's single largest staff group with over 300,000 full-time equivalent (FTE) registered nurses in the hospital and community sector. Nursing vacancies accounted for over a third of all FTE vacancies in NHS trusts in the quarter to June 2022. A lack of long-term planning and a coordinated workforce strategy has been acknowledged as a major factor for the shortfall. The Health Foundation commissioned Decision Analysis Services to develop a system dynamics model to represent the future supply of nurses across England. The model was designed to take a system-wide view of nurse supply and to consider second order effects The nurse supply model was used to generate projections of future nurse supply in England under three scenarios, with the results published in July 2022. The projections suggested that while the government appears to be on track to meet its 50,000 nurses target by 2023/24, this would still leave the NHS short of around 38,000 FTE nurses relative to projected demand in 2023/24.

ICF GHK researched the expectations of applicants, national authorities and others interested parties on the type, nature and quality of services to be provided by EFSA and its Applications Desk Unit in the area of regulated products. The research was conducted between January and May 2013 and involved a series of telephone interviews and an online quantitative survey. Companies expressed strong support for EFSA providing more detailed information on administrative and scientific topics relevant to applications, such as scientific studies/evidence to be referenced in the technical dossier. The most salient scientific topics were: toxicological data requirements; what constitutes a valid study; data requirements relating to consumer exposure; and analytical methods and study design.Companies were enthusiastic about having pre-submission meetings with EFSA. EFSA guidance documents, one-to-one communication through the Applications Helpdesk and joint working groups were seen as effective ways for EFSA to disseminate information. There was interest in more information on the timetable for processing of individual applications, and in opportunities to speak to EFSA staff or the Scientific Panel about the reason for requests for additional information. National authorities were most interested in EFSA providing information on dates and agendas of Scientific Panels/working groups, on application status, and on the sources of evidence used to reach the conclusions of Scientific Opinions. EFSA also has a diverse set of wider stakeholders with an interest in applications (e.g. universities, NGOs, industry associations, consumer groups). They were particularly interested in the reasoning behind the conclusions of the Scientific Opinions, information on the timetable and progress of applications and on how EFSA conducts its risk assessments and reaches decisions. These stakeholders thought the information provided currently by EFSA and the APDESK unit is perceived as valuable and well structured. However, the quality of dossiers submitted would improve if there was more communication between EFSA and its stakeholders during the application process. The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European Food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors. 2 DISCLAIMERThe present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European...