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This article reports the evolution and consolidation of the knowledge of neuroanatomy through the analysis of its history. Thus, we propose to describe in a historical review to summarize the main theories and concepts that emerged throughout brain anatomy history and understand how the socio-historical context can reflect on the nature of scientific knowledge. Therefore, among the diverse scientists, anatomists, doctors, and philosophers who were part of this history, there was a strong influence of the studies of Claudius Galen (AD 129–210), Leonardo da Vinci (1452– 1519), Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564), Franciscus Sylvius (1614–1672), Luigi Rolando (1773–1831), Pierre Paul Broca (1824–1880), Carl Wernicke (1848–1905), Korbinian Brodmann (1868–1918), Wilder Penfield (1891–1976), Mahmut Gazi Yasargil (1925), and Albert Loren Rhoton Jr. (1932–2016) on the fundamentals of neuroanatomy.

Background: Utilizing the Brazilian Medical Demography analysis and a literature review, we evaluated how women choose to become neurosurgeons in Brazil and around the world, specifically citing the Europe, the USA, India, and Japan. Methods: We utilized the Brazilian Medical Demography prepared by the Federal Council of Medicine and the Regional Council of Medicine of the State of São Paulo (2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018). We also included an evaluation of 20 articles from PubMed, the Scientific Electronic Library Online, and National Health Library databases (e.g., using descriptors “Women in neurosurgery” and “Career”). Results: In Brazil in 2017, women comprised 45.6% of active doctors, but only 8.6% of all neurosurgeons. Of 20 articles identified in the literature, 50% analyzed the factors that influenced how women choose neurosurgery, 40% dealt with gender differences, while just 10% included an analysis of what it is like to be a female neurosurgeon in different countries/continents. Conclusion: The participation of women in neurosurgery has increased in recent years despite the persistence of gender inequality and prejudice. More women need to be enabled to become neurosurgeons as their capabilities, manual dexterity, and judgment should be valued to improve the quality of neurosurgical health-care delivery.

Chronic migraine is an important cause of functional disability and quality of life deficits, affecting 12% of the world population. Therefore, more treatment alternatives that promote better pain control are needed. So, botulinum toxin type A presents itself as a therapeutic option for this purpose. This integrative review aimed to analyze the functionality of the PREEMPT protocol applied for the treatment of chronic migraine, analyzing the time of pain control, the frequency of repetition of the treatment and the possible subtypes of pain that benefit most from botulinum toxin. Data were collected from the National Library of Medicine and Lilacs databases, and the research concluded in July 2022. 31 articles were found, of which only 22 publications were considered eligible to compose this study, and those that contemplated the research objectives were selected. above. Botulinum toxin type A presents an effective, safe and well-tolerated preventive profile for patients with chronic migraine, increasing the patient's quality of life and works in pain control.

IntroductionFalcotentorial meningiomas (FTM) are a rare entity of tumors, corresponding to 2-8% of pineal tumors and 1% of all intracranial meningiomas and are more prevalente in womens. These tumors originate from posterior portion of the velum interpositum or falcotentorial union and can present different relationships with vital neuroanatomical structures. The surgical treatment is not well established in literature, due to the necessity of validating criteria for the surgical approach and the discussion of the risks to obtain radical resections.Case descriptionIt is a case report of a 41-year-old man with FTM, who was admitted with progressive paresis in the left lower limb for the last one year as the only neurological symptom. A computed tomography (CT) was realized, revealing a solid mass in the pineal region, causing hydrocephalus. After that, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a solid mass inside the third ventricule in contact with the falcotentorial dural junction. The patient was submited of a subtotal tumor resection by an approach throught occipito-transtentorial acess.CommentsThe clinic of the FTMs varies with headaches (the most common symptom), ataxia, personality changes and bradpsychia with homonymous hemianopsia. There exists four types of FMTs tumors according to Boussioni classification, which is based on the location of the tumor and, in this case, the tumor is type I, which originated from posterior cerebral falx and displaced the venous system inferiorly. This classification it’s important to guide the decision of the surgical approach. The surgical objective is to relieve or solve neurological/clinical symptoms and acquire a tissue sample for histological diagnosis. Some surgical approaches can be done for these tumors, but the transtentorial/transfalcine occipital approach is most frequently used for pineal meningiomas, especially in types I and IV FTMs.ConclusionThe choice of the surgical approach is essential for the effective treatment of a FTM tumor, and can be analysed with the help of imaging tests. This case of a subtotal resection showed success on the reduce of neurological defict of the patient. Keywords: Falcotentorial meningiomas, Surgical approach, Neurosurgery.