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This paper proposes key cutting algorithm (KCA) for solving optimal power flow problems. The problem objective function used in this paper is a fuel cost function. The solutions obtained by the KCA are compared with those obtained by sequential quadratic programming (SQP) and genetic algorithms (GA). Three IEEE standard test power systems (6bus, 14-bus and 30-bus) were employed. As a result, all search algorithms can solve the optimal power flow problems however the key cutting algorithm-based optimal power flow gives the best solutions over the other two optimal power flow methods for the average and standard deviation values of the fuel cost.I.

Our focus is on the frequency analysis of LTV systems within the larger context of 2-D analog filtering. The available techniques for characterizing 2-D analog filters are explained. The frequency analysis of 2-D analog systems, based on the classical two-dimensional Laplace transform (2DLT), is outlined. The 2DLT leads to the development of a bifrequency theory for autonomous dynamic systems. The contents of existing literature are complemented more than duplicated.

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