When a honey bee colony becomes queenless and broodless its only reproductive option is for some of its workers to produce sons before the colony perishes. However, for this to be possible the policing of workerlaid eggs must be curtailed and this provides the opportunity for queenless colonies to be reproductively parasitized by workers from other nests. Such reproductive parasitism is known to occur in Apis florea and A. cerana. Microsatellite analyses of worker samples have demonstrated that the proportion of non-natal workers present in an A. cerana colony declines after a colony is made queenless. This observation suggests that queenless A. cerana colonies may be more vigilant in repelling potentially parasitic non-natal workers than queenright colonies. We compared rates of nestmate and nonnestmate acceptance in both queenright and queenless A. cerana colonies using standard assays and showed that there is no statistical difference between the proportion of non-nestmate workers that are rejected in queenless and queenright colonies. We also show that, contrary to earlier reports, A. cerana guards are able to discriminate nestmate workers from non-nestmates, and that they reject significantly more non-nestmate workers than nestmate workers.

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This article deals with some aspects of the history of Goa from the fifth century AD to the early eleventh century in a larger historical perspective. It is a novel attempt to examine the issue of feudalism in Goa. During this period Goa was part of one or the other larger kingdoms of the Deccan and it existed as a feudatory political entity. It was a region that was much sought after due to its geopolitical and commercial importance. The various inscriptions issued by the Bhojas, Konkan Mauryas, Badami Chalukyas and Shilaharas are analysed here with a view to identify and delineate the feudal features that were present in early medieval Goa. They included decentralisation of political authority, system of land grants, sub-infeudation of land grants, absence of large-scale exchange of goods and dominant role of the Brahmanas in the management of land and administration. Such characteristics are noticed in Goa from the beginning of the fifth century AD to the end of the tenth century AD. Subsequently Goa witnessed the decline of feudalism, and increase in trade coupled with urbanisation. There was emergence of substantial trade and urbanisation in the region by the beginning of the eleventh century AD.

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Learning how to conduct research in library and information science is not always a requirement in LIS graduate programs. The result of uneven training impacts librarianship and the ways in which certain voices and research are privileged in our scholarship. This work in progress poster will share the results of an IMLS grant funded national needs assessment wherein we learned about the experiences, educational needs, and institutional constraints of MLIS students and academic library workers pursuing research through a survey and focus groups. The poster will share insights on the experiences of academic library workers and their needs for institutional, educational, and financial support for training and advocacy in LIS research. We will share information about what LIS researchers feel they benefited from their graduate coursework in research methods, as well as ideas for improvement for these courses.