In the second half of the 18th century, an antique market flourished in Rome. That was largely due to the increased interest in the culture of the Ancient World, associated with excavations in Pompeii and Herculaneum, as well as with the activities of the German art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann, who was convinced of the need to turn to the art of antiquity, which, in his opinion, had ideal beauty and was capable of cultivating a noble artistic taste. In European countries and in Russia, collections of antiques were formed during that period. Travelers who came to Rome tended to buy ancient sculptures, gems, vases. They turned to antique dealers working in this art market. A special place among the antique dealers belonged to the British, such as Gavin Hamilton, Thomas Jenkins and James Byres. It is largely thanks to their efforts that excellent private collections of ancient art have been formed in Great Britain and interest in art in general has been developing. The article examines the activities of these antique dealers on the examples of two English collectors depicted in the portraits of the Italian artist Pompeo Batoni: William Weddell and Peter Beckford.

The article analyzes the ideas of the great reformers of the 16th century Martin Luther and John Calvin about marriage as the most important social institution. Luther's doctrine of the "earthly institution" of marriage and Calvin's doctrine of the marriage covenant had been shaped under the influence of their criticism of the Roman Catholic Church's position on marriage. Catholics considered marriage to be inferior to celibacy. The Church forbade marriage for monks and priests, and also prevented many lay people from getting married on the basis of prohibitions regarding religion, consanguinity, and guardianship. Since the Church considered marriage to be one of the seven sacraments that imparted grace to spouses and symbolized the mystical union of God and the Church, the marriage union was considered indissoluble. If the spouses were unhappy in their marriage, then they could get permission only for a separate living, but not for divorce. The reformers shifted the emphasis from the sacramentality of marriage to its social significance. They emphasized that marriage is the first institution in terms of importance in comparison with the Church and the state. The institution of matrimony is able to provide an example of relationships based on love, trust and mutual assistance, and the family is not only a means of population reproduction, it educates future citizens and members of the Church. The views of Martin Luther and John Calvin have had a decisive influence on Western European views on marriage, family and parenting. The article analyzes the ideas of the great reformers of the 16th century Martin Luther and John Calvin about marriage as the most important social institution. Luther's doctrine of the "earthly institution" of marriage and Calvin's doctrine of the marriage covenant had been shaped under the influence of their criticism of the Roman Catholic Church's position on marriage. Catholics considered marriage to be inferior to celibacy. The Church forbade marriage for monks and priests, and also prevented many lay people from getting married on the basis of prohibitions regarding religion, consanguinity, and guardianship. Since the Church considered marriage to be one of the seven sacraments that imparted grace to spouses and symbolized the mystical union of God and the Church, the marriage union was considered indissoluble. If the spouses were unhappy in their marriage, then they could get permission only for a separate living, but not for divorce. The reformers shifted the emphasis from the sacramentality of marriage to its social significance. They emphasized that marriage is the first institution in terms of importance in comparison with the Church and the state. The institution of matrimony is able to provide an example of relationships based on love, trust and mutual assistance, and the family is not only a means of population reproduction, it educates future citizens and members of the Church. The views of Martin Luther and John Calvin have had a decisive influence on Western European views on marriage, family and parenting.

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Purpose The aim of the present study was to evaluate the determinants of gas exchange in smoking and nonsmoking teenagers during an incremental exercise test. Materials and Methods One hundred and fifty healthy Bulgarian school children in the age span 15 -17 years took part in the study. All participants completed anthropometric measurementsstanding height, weight and BMI and a questionnaire about smoking habits. The studied group performed an incremental exercise test on a treadmill following a modified Balke protocol. Results Near 90% of participating teenagers completed the exercise test to the end. Boys showed significantly higher values of oxygen consumption on different levels of the test and maximal oxygen consumption -VO 2 peak mL.min-1 = 2287 ±337 vs. 1702±278; p<0.001. In the studied population, smokers had slightly lower values without a significant difference -VO 2 peak mL.min-1 = 1777±288 vs. 1851±417; NS. VO 2 increases with age and correlated best with weight (R=0.83) and height (R=0.65) but less with BMI (R=0.59). Ventilatory equivalents for O 2 and CO 2 (V E /VO 2 , V E /VCO 2 ) decline with age. Girls in comparison with the boys had greater fatigue perception (Borg scale) during the incremental test.Conclusions The anthropometric parameters were the best determinants of physical capacity in teenagers. Smokers showed slightly lower but not significant values for VO 2 peak. Boys had significantly higher values for VO 2 peak compared with girls.

The article analyzes the characteristic features of the Dutch Enlightenment at the end of the 18th century. During this period, a movement of "patriots" appeared in the Republic of the United Provinces, who in their activities paid great attention to the education of the people, as well as to the school reform and children education. Educational societies and social clubs were formed, uniting people of different social background, engaged in the discussion of pressing socio-political issues. Under the influence of the pan-European Enlightenment movement, such authors as Jan Floris Martinet appeared in Holland, who promoted teaching children the natural sciences and humanities not in the form of traditional lectures in the classroom, but in the form of a conversation between a teacher and a student during an excursion or travel. Of particular importance to the Dutch enlighteners was the experience and writings of German philanthropists, who founded new schools in Germany - philanthropinums. A characteristic feature of the Dutch Enlightenment was the emphasis on family education in the formation of modern man. This was reflected, in particular, in the work of the poet Hieronymus van Alphen, as well as in the increased interest in women's education during this period.