The separation of enantiomers of five chiral dihydropyridine derivatives was studied on five different polysaccharide-based chiral HPLC columns with various normal-phase (NP), polar organic, and reversed-phase eluents. Along with the successful separation of analyte enantiomers, the emphasis of this study was on enantiomer elution order (EEO) with various columns and mobile phase composition. The interesting phenomenon of reversal of EEO, recently reported in the case of amlodipine (AML) depending on the concentration of formic acid in acetonitrile, was also confirmed with NP eluents. Under RP conditions at relatively low water content, the EEO of AML could also be reverted by varying the concentration of formic acid in the mobile phase. However, at higher water content the same parameter did not affect the EEO, but only induced gradual decrease in resolution up to complete co-elution of enantiomers. Additionally, in organic-aqueous mobile phases retention factors decreased with increasing water content but only up to 20% (v/v), while above this concentration the expected typical RP behavior was observed. The presence of the commonly used additive diethylamine in the mobile phase seems important for observing a reversal in EEO with increasing concentration of formic acid. The reversal of the EEO was characteristic of AML only and was not observed for any of other dihydropyridines included in this study.

When polysaccharide-based chiral columns are used in combination with aqueous-organic mobile phases for the separation of enantiomers in high-performance liquid chromatography the separation mode is commonly called "reversed-phase" in analogy to achiral separations. In several earlier and recent studies on neutral and basic chiral analytes it was shown by our and other groups that due to multiple type of interactions involved in selector-selectand binding and enantioselective recognition with polysaccharide derivatives, the above mentioned separation system may not always behave like a reversed-phase system. In the present study additional examples of non-reversed-phase behavior are described for the first time for weak acidic chiral analytes. In addition, the reversal of enantiomer elution order was observed again for the first time for several analytes based on water-content in the mobile phase.

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The separation of the stereoisomers of 23 chiral basic agrochemicals was studied on six different polysaccharide-based chiral columns in high-performance liquid chromatography with various polar organic mobile phases. Along with the successful separation of analyte stereoisomers, emphasis was placed on the effect of the chiral selector and mobile phase composition on the elution order of stereoisomers. The interesting phenomenon of reversal of enantiomer/stereoisomer elution order function of the polysaccharide backbone (cellulose or amylose), type of derivative (carbamate or benzoate), nature, and position of the substituent(s) in the phenylcarbamate moiety (methyl or chloro) and the nature of the mobile phase was observed. For several of the analytes containing two chiral centers all four stereoisomers were resolved with at least one chiral selector/mobile phase combination.

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