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The main objective of this study is to empirically investigate the relationship between exports, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and the economic growth in Malaysia. Records of annual time series data from the year 1971 till 2013 have been utilized for this purpose. Upon testing the data for stationarity, the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model has been applied for the purpose of empirical investigation. The empirical results indicate that the productivity factor and externality effect of exports on the non-export sector are found to be statistically, positively significant, with the exports also having a positive impact on the economic growth and FDI of the country. The results support Exports Led Growth (ELG) and FDI-Led economic Growth (FLG) in Malaysia. The finding further suggests that Malaysia should continuous pursue exports promotion and a liberal investment economic policy in order to maintain and bolster overall economic growth.

The broad objective of the present study is to examine whether a long run relationship between defense expenditure and economic growth of Pakistan exist. For empirical investigation, an annual time series data over the period from 1980-2013, and ARDL was used. The empirical results support the existence of long run negative relationship between defense expenditure and economic growth. The results for long run negative relationship between defense expenditure and economic growth was suggested just in case Pakistan MKH does not hold during the period under study. The findings further suggested that the policy makers need to formulate appropriate policy to encourage and not to discourage the economic growth and development of Pakistan.

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The main objective of this study is to empirically investigate the relationship between female labor force participation (FLFP) and female total fertility rate (FTFR) for the ASEAN-6 countries from the period 1995 to 2013. The Fully Modify OLS (FMOLS) has been applied to explore the cointegration and causality between the suggested variables. The contegration results confirm that the female labor force participation rate and total female fertility rate are cointegrated for the panel of ASEAN-6 countries. Whereas, long-run Granger causality confirm the causality run from the female total fertility rate to the female labor force participation rate. Moreover, the results show that 1percent increase in the female total fertility rate causes in a 0.44 percent decrease in the female labor force participation rate for the ASEAN-6 countries. The FTFR highest negative effect observed in Indonesia and smallest observed in Thailand. The results of FMOLS confirm the long run panel relationship between female labor force and total female fertility rate.