Though tuberculosis (TB) primarily affects lungs, extra pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is also common, especially in high disease load areas and mainly manifests in ENT region. To study the different manifestations of tuberculosis in ENT region in terms of presentation, disease process, treatment and outcome. Records of patients diagnosed and treated for TB in the ENT region at our institute's DOTS centre for a two and half year period were analysed for presenting complaints, examination findings, diagnostic features, treatment modes and outcome. Out of 3750 cases diagnosed as TB, 230 had EPTB. 211 cases had ENT manifestations. Majority of the cases were male and in the fourth decade of life. Commonest manifestation was cervical lymphadenopathy with 201 cases. Fine needle aspiration cytology was mostly diagnostic and category I anti TB treatment (AKT) achieved cure. The six cases of TB otitis media presented with ear discharge, sometimes bloody and had varied tympanic membrane findings and facial palsy in two cases with different types and degrees of hearing loss. Diagnosis was confirmed by histology of tissue removed during surgery. Patients completed category I AKT. Hearing and facial palsy did not improve. There were three cases of TB laryngitis and one of nasal TB both of which were confirmed by tissue diagnosis and responded well to AKT. Most of the results in the present study conform to findings of other studies. High degree of suspicion is necessary to reach diagnosis. Category I AKT is effective. Some cases may require surgery.

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Salivary gland tumor comprises of approximately 3 to 10% of neoplasms of the head and neck region. Parotid gland is the most commonly involved salivary gland with an incidence of 62% followed by submandibular gland and other minor salivary gland tumors. However clinical course of benign and malignant tumors resemble each other in clinical findings, we require histopatholocal or cytological diagnosis for planning of management. To analyze parotid tumors retrospectively with following objectives. (1) Demographic distribution of parotid tumors. (2) To evaluate cytological and histopathological findings of parotid tumors. (3) Correlation of cytological and histopathological findings of parotid tumors. It was a retrospective observational study involving 31 patients who presented with parotid region swelling. Pre operative FNAC (fine needle aspiration cytology) and post operative histopathology were correlated. Surgical management depended on nature of disease. Correlation of FNAC and Histopathology: among 27 cases pre operative FNAC and post operative histopathology was same and in only 3 cases reports differed. One FNAC was inconclusive. In present study, Sensitivity of FNAC is 81.81%, Specificity is 94.73% and accuracy is 90%. FNAC is usually the first investigative modality, as it is a minimally invasive, cheap, OPD procedure that can differentiate benign from malignant tumors. Knowing preoperative pathological nature of disease can help in planning of surgical process.

Eagle's syndrome is caused by elongated styloid process. Its accepted treatment is styloidectomy. However more than one-fourths of patients undergoing styloidectomy do not experience relief. To find the utility of the lidocaine infiltration test to predict the results of styloidectomy in patients clinically diagnosed as having stylalgia. Twenty-six patients undergoing styloidectomy for Eagle's syndrome were included in the study. They were divided into two groups depending on their response to lidocaine infiltration in the tonsillar fossa. Patients were followed up till 3 months after styloidectomy and their pre operative visual analogue scale for pain was compared with the post operative VAS score. Majority of the patients were females and in the fifth decade of life. There were 18 patients in group I and eight patients in Group II. The groups were similar in terms of age and sex distribution and pre operative VAS score for pain. There was good corelation between post infiltration and post operative VAS scores. The test had 94.44 % sensitivity and 87.5 % specificity. The age and sex distribution and the failure rates in the present study were similar to that reported in other studies. There are many other reasons besides elongation which can cause the typical pain of stylalgia and some of them are not amenable to styloidectomy. The lidocaine infiltration test is an useful test to predict the results of styloidectomy for Eagle's syndrome.

Obstructive sleep apnea is a disorder resulting from collapse of the upper airway during sleep. Its etiology is multifactorial, resulting from the interdependence of structurally vulnerable upper airway anatomy interacting with physiologic mechanism of ventilator instability during sleep. The ENT causes for OSA are relatively simple conditions that can be treated by safe and simple medical and/or surgical procedures. To assess the prevalence of ENT disorders in patients presenting to the sleep clinic. Patients presented to sleep clinic were submitted to an assessment protocol including clinical history, otorhinolaryngology examination and a polysomnography. Total 69 patients were included and distributed into two groups according to AHI: patients with sleep disordered breathing only (simple snorer and/or AHI ≤ 5) and patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (AHI > 5). There was significant statistical difference for deviated nasal septum (p = 0.0004) and inferior turbinate hypertrophy (p = 0.03) in both groups. Most patients were in the class III and IV of Mallampati classification. Odds of having OSA increases more than 1.5 folds as the level of Mallampati classification increases by one class. ENT disorders were more common in the patients with OSA than in simple snorers and have impact on pathophysiology of OSA and its treatment modality. Hence, ENT examination in all patients with sleep disordered breathing will be helpful.