Introduction:The liver is the cornerstone of the coagulation system. The physiology of blood coagulation is closely linked to liver function as it synthesizes most of the factors of coagulation cascade and fibrinolytic proteins. So it is responsible for regulation of haemostasis. Hepatic disorders are widely present in tropical countries and are responsible for morbidity and mortality. Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate coagulation abnormalities associated with chronic liver diseases using tests like prothrombin time (PT), and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). Materials and Methods:The study was conducted in the laboratory of Pathology department, during the period from October 2019 to June 2020. This study included 225 patients clinically diagnosed with liver disease who were divided into three categories: 1-cirrhosis, 2-other liver disease and 3-Hepatitis.The coagulation tests PT and APTT were performed and the results were evaluated in groups. 25 normal patients were taken as controls. Result: Out of 250 patients, 190(85%) were males and 60(24%) were females. A total of 13(6%) patients were of cirrhosis, 100 (44%) were of viral hepatitis and jaundice, and 112 (50%) were of other liver diseases and 25 normal patients (10%). Prothrombin time showed marked significant prolongation in all liver diseases. In cirrhosis: 90-100% bleeders showed elevation of Prothrombin time and non bleeders showed elevation in 50-55% cases. In viral hepatitis: 45% cases showed rise in PT. In Alcoholic liver diseases; 38.5% cases showed rise in PT. APTT is quite Significant in cirrhosis. In cirrhosis, Bleeders showed elevation of APTT in100% cases and non bleeders show 50% cases. In viral hepatitis, 25.3% rise in APTT in Alcoholic liver diseases, 25.9%cases showed rise in APTT. Conclusion:In advancing liver diseases, damage to liver parenchyma resulting in reduced production of coagulation proteins so there is increase in PT and APTT which increase the risk of bleeding tendencies. Prolongation of PT and APTT in advancing liver cirrhosis indicates damage to the liver parenchyma resulting in decreased production of coagulation proteins with increased risk of bleeding tendencies, which can be detected before these ensue.

Background: Cerebro Spinal Fluid (CSF) examination is very useful in patients of suspected CNS disease and the necessity of correlating it with the clinico-pathologic findings which will help in early diagnosis of CNS diseases and guide the further management of the disease. CSF examination with quantification of leukocytes and differential count of cellular subsets in the cerebrospinal fluid is a standard procedure in cases of suspected infectious conditions. Present study emphasises pleocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid along with other laboratory parameters. Materials and Methods:The study is consisting of 295 CSF samples from patients with clinically suspected CNS infections. The CSF findings were evaluated in all age group patients in relation to cell counts and pleocytosis. Results: In Physical examination of CSF colour, appearance and received quantity were evaluated. Maximum specimen was received in 1 year to 18 year age group. CSF pleocytosis (>5cells/µl) was present maximum (48%) in 1 month to less than 1 year age. Pleocytosis >5 leucocytes/µl was found in 121 (41%) samples out of 295 samples. Conclusion: CSF cell count examination is very common and useful investigation done for suspected various CNS diseases. Infectious and non-infectious diseases of CNS can cause pleocytosis of the cerebrospinal fluid. The type of cells depends mainly on the clinical scenario. However it seems to vary with total cell count also, such as lymphocytes predominating at lower total cell counts while neutrophils are at higher total counts.

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in India. Pap smear is a simple, noninvasive, cost-effective and sensitive tool to detect various non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions of cervix. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of cervical cytological pattern in a tertiary care centre; by using conventional Papanicolaou (Pap) smears for the screening of inflammatory, premalignant and malignant lesions of the cervix. Methods: This cross-sectional study is based on 574 patients who attended the outpatient Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, during the period between Jan 2015 to Feb 2017. Pap smears were prepared from patients presenting with complaints like vaginal discharge, post-coital bleeding, inter-menstrual bleeding, dyspareunia, and pain in lower abdomen. Conventional Papanicolaoustained smears were classified as per Bethesda 2001 nomenclature. Results: Prevalence of altered cervical cytological pattern was 75.59% amongst females visiting hospital. A total of 574 cervical pap smears were studied, out of which 66 were inadequate. Out of 508 cases, 448 cases were of NILM [including 324 (63.78%) inflammatory lesions and 124 (24.41%) normal smears] and 60 (11.81%) cases of epithelial lesions. The epithelial lesions prevalence rate was ASCUS (5.7%), LSIL (1.4%) and HSIL (1.4%), AGUS (0.78%), SCC (0.6%) and endometrial carcinoma (0.2%). Conclusions: This study shows relatively high prevalence of epithelial abnormalities with increasing age, parity, women with clinical lesions on per speculum findings. Malignancy was more common in sixth and seventh decade and intraepithelial lesions/dysplasia was seen mostly in fourth and fifth decade. Inflammatory lesions were more common in younger age group. Pap smear should be advised as a routine screening procedure; as it is a simple, cheap, safe and practical diagnostic tool for early detection of cervical cancer in high risk group population. It also helps in diagnosis of inflammatory lesions including the identification of causative organism and atrophic changes.

Background: Haemoglobinopathies place a large burden on the patients, their families, and even on their communities. They are generally not curable but can be prevented by population screening and genetic counselling. Early initiation of supportive care for infants with hemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell disease and thalassemia have been shown to decrease mortality and morbidity. To assess the pattern of Haemog Aims: lobinopathies by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) method in New-borns in a tertiary care centre and to classify them into Sickle cell disorder and other hemoglobinothies. Settings and design: Observational cross-sectional study. Material And Methods: Total 581 samples of every full term newborn's samples for routine hematological investigation were taken into account for the screening for complete blood count, peripheral smear and HPLC. Pattern of haemoglobins on Newborn screening by HPLC was interpreted according to NBS criteria. Statistical analysis was done using MedCalc software. Results: A total of 581 cases were studied. Out of these, 577 cases displayed normal “FA” pattern of chromatogram on HPLC. Four cases displayed abnormal hemoglobin fractions on HPLC. The major abnormality observed was S-window in all four cases. Parents of Positive cases were also screened by HPLC. Three out of four mothers showed sickle cell trait; and one patient's mother and father; both showed sickle cell trait. We concluded that neonates with or without any positive Conclusion: history of haemoglobinopathies should be screened at birth as we found 0.69% frequency of SCA in screening done in normal population.

Background: Cytological examination of serous fluids aspirated is a simple and relatively non-invasive technique to diagnose whether the effusion is malignant or benign. Cell block preparation along with conventional smear increases the sensitivity of detecting malignancies, and also has the ability to reduce false-positive interpretations. Methods: A total 68 samples of body fluid (pleural and ascitic) specimens were examined for conventional cytological smear (CS) and cell block method (CB) over a period of one year. Out of 68 fluids, 40 were pleural fluid and 28 were ascitic fluid. Each fluid specimen was examined by conventional smear technique as well as cell block technique. The morphological details, cellularity, architecture, nuclear and cytoplasmic details were studied in both CS and CB techniques. Result: A total 82.35% smears had adequate material; while of the total cell blocks, 75% cell blocks had adequate material. A total of 11.76% cases were malignant on smears,5.88% were suspicious of malignancy, 64.7% were benign/non-neoplastic lesions. A total 13.2% cases were malignant on cell block, 1.47% were suspicious of malignancy, 60.29% were benign/non-neoplastic lesions. Sensitivity, positive and negative predictive value and accuracy of cell block technique were greater than that of FNAC smears Conclusion: For the final cytodiagnosis of body fluid, there is statistically significant difference between the two techniques. Cell blocks prepared from the residual fluid specimen can be useful for more definitive diagnosis, with advantage of IHC and special stains where required.