The simulation of fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) process was performed using Aspen HYSYS. The effect of crude flow rate on naphtha flow, coke yield, and catalyst to oil ratio in FCC were simulated. The interaction effects of riser height, inlet crude flow rate and operating temperature on naphtha mass flow, catalyst to oil ratio, and coke yield were studied by Box-Behnken design. The maximum yield of naphtha (100000 kg/h) was obtained for FCC operating temperature within 520-600 • C and riser height greater than 30 m. The catalyst to oil ratio of above 12 was obtained for operating temperature beyond 590 • C for the entire riser height variation of 10 to 60 m in FCC. The increase in riser height resulted in increase production of naphtha, but beyond 60 m of riser height secondary cracking occurs resulting in reduction in yield of naphtha.

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Smart materials are engineered materials that have one or more properties that are introduced in a controlled fashion by surrounding stimuli. Engineering of biomacromolecules like proteins into a smart material call for meticulous artistry. Peptides have grabbed notable attention as a preferred source for smart materials in the medicinal field, promoted by their versatile chemical and biophysical attributes of biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Recent advances in the synthesis of multifunctional peptides have proliferated their application in diverse domains: agriculture, nanotechnology, medicines, biosensors, therapeutics, and soft robotics. Stimuli such as pH, temperature, light, metal ions, and enzymes have vitalized physicochemical properties of peptides by augmented sensitivity, stability, and selectivity. This review elucidates recent (2018−2021) advances in the design and synthesis of smart materials, from stimuliresponsive peptides followed by their biomedical and therapeutic applications.

Stainless steel ICSS 1218 have large potential in the aerospace sector due to their inherent characteristic and advantageous properties like strength, ductility, weldability and corrosion resistance. The Wire Electric Discharge Machining (Wire EDM) is a thermal machining process capable of accurately machining parts with high hardness or complex shapes. One of the statistical softwares Minitab 17 was used for conducting the analysis and develop a mathematical model of the relation connecting the input parameters pulse on time, flushing discharge, and wire feed rate and output responses surface roughness and material removal rate. This model is found reasonably accurate. Experimentation was conducted in a series of tests called runs, in which changes are made in the input variables in order to identify the reasons for changes in the output response.

In this review we discuss about the research advances in multiple stimuli responsive cyclodextrin (CD) based smart materials. CD based systems which are responsive to temperature, pH, enzymes, light, redox etc. along with various applications of these systems in the biomedical area are extensively covered. Current challenges and future perspectives of these smart stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems are also discussed.