The hybrid molecules are one of the powerful tools used in the new drug discovery. In this work, nine perimidine-pyrazole hybrids were designed and synthesized. All structures of the novel compounds were characterized elemental analysis, FTIR, NMR and HRMS. Genotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of two of the synthesized compounds were evaluated. The tested compounds could cause chromosomal damage by genotoxic potential and mitotic delay by cytotoxic potential at high concentrations (25-100 μM). Results and Discussion ChemistryIn this study, new hybrid compounds containing perimidine and pyrazole structures were targeted within the scope of synthesis studies. The novel compounds (4 and 5) have been [a] Dr.

Currently, about 11,000 oribatid mites have been described, but chromosome numbers have been reported for only a few species. Furthermore, the oribatid mites are a valuable model for holocentric chromosomes in cytogenetic studies. The diploid chromosome number is generally 2n = 18 in oribatid mites, though some have 2n = 16 or 30. Although there are many studies on the morphology and systematics of Phauloppia lucorum (Koch, 1841) (Oribatida: Oribatulidae), there is no information about its karyotype or chromosome numbers. The aim of this study is to investigate the chromosome number, monoploid ideogram and detailed chromosomal measurements of P. lucorum. The diploid chromosome number of P. lucorum was found to be 2n = 12. The total haploid chromosome length and the average chromosome length were 7.39 µm and 1.23 µm respectively. The chromosome lengths varied from 0.91 to 1.67 µm. In conclusion, these results are the first for the chromosome numbers and karyotype analysis for P. lucorum.

Azo dyes (AD-1, AD-2) were synthesized from the reaction diazonium salts of the aromatic amines salt with the enaminone derivative. The chemical structure of the synthesized novel azo dye (AD-2) was characterized by elemental analysis and other spectral techniques (FTIR, 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR). Azo dyes are used frequently in the industry and pose a great danger especially for water resources. In this respect, azo dyes threaten many products indirectly in agricultural applications. In this study, the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of potential azo dyes (AD-1, AD-2) that can be used in industrial applications were determined using Allium test system in five different concentrations (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 µM). As a result of the cytogenetic analyzes, it was determined that both azo dyes significantly reduced the number of divisions of A. cepa cells and caused chromosomal abnormalities in dividing cells. As a result, in this research, it is emphasized that the azo dyes (AD-1, AD-2), which are potentially used in the industry, cause genotoxic and cytotoxic effects in the living structures.

The continuous production and release into the environment of chemicals has revealed the need to determine their cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Sulfonamide-aldehyde (SA) derivatives, whose biological activity properties vary in a wide spectrum, are frequently used in agriculture, medicine, pharmacy and many other fields. These compounds have an important cycle in the ecological system due to their use and diversity. In the present study, the potential cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of sulfonamide-aldehyde derivative were investigated using Allium test system with the concentrations of 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µM. In A. cepa cells, the increasing concentrations of SA caused cytotoxic effects by inducing nuclear lesions and inhibition of mitotic index. In addition, the increasing concentrations of SA caused genotoxic effects by inducing micronucleus and chromosome aberrations, which the most common ones are C-mitosis, sticky metaphase, and anaphase bridge. The results indicate that the concentration of 25 µM is EC50 in micronucleus, nuclear lesions, and chromosome aberrations; and 50 µM is EC50 in mitotic index (p < 0.05).

The chromosomal parameters and karyotypic relationships may provide very valuable information about speciation and karyotype evolution. In the order Oribatida, the chromosomal data are limited to a few reports. In the present study, the chromosomal data of two species are provided for the first time. The diploid chromosome numbers are 2n = 14 in Oribotritia hermanni Grandjean, 1967 (Oribatida: Oribotritiidae) and 2n = 22 in Hermanniella gibber Kulijev, 1979 (Oribatida: Hermanniellidae) and chromosomes are small holocentric chromosomes. The smallest and largest chromosome sizes are 0.38 μm and 1.08 μm in O. hermanni, respectively. The total haploid chromosome length is 4.88 μm, in O. hermanni, and a higher value of 6.98 μm is recorded in H. gibber. The sex chromosomes could not be identified, because the oribatid mites show weak sexual dimorphism. In this respect, the results of the study provide important contributions to the cytotaxonomy of oribatid mites.