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Objective: This work aims to improve the oral bioavailability and long-term aqueous stability of curcumin using various edible oil nanoemulsions (NEs).Methods: NEs were optimized using the water titration method. Curcumin was loaded into optimized emulsions, and the physicochemical characteristics were determined. Long-term stability of curcumin in the edible oil NEs was analyzed by determining the droplet size, PDI and curcumin concentrations over 4 mo. Release of curcumin from the NEs was determined using a Franz diffusion apparatus and analysed using 5 mathematical models.Results: The absorbance of curcumin was linear over the concentration range of 1 to 10 μg. ml-1. The LOD and LOQ ranged from 0.57 to 1.26μg. ml-1 and 1.89 to 4.19μg. ml-1 respectively. All the NEs were monodisperse and had a droplet size less than 150 nm. Long-term emulsion stability shows no change in droplet size and PI (Dunnett's multiple comparisons test with a confidence interval of 95%). Olive oil NE showed significantly low release in gastric fluid (9.28%) with a good release (92.99%) in intestinal fluid and 48% in a body fluid by 8 h.Conclusion: The work highlights the use of olive oil NEs as a delivery vehicle for curcumin with excellent release characteristics and the ability to protect curcumin in an aqueous environment.

Microemulsions are potent drug delivery vehicles as they solubilize water insoluble drugs with poor bioavailability. The main aim of this study was to develop, optimize, and assess a thyme oil microemulsion with inherent antifungal activity for transdermal drug delivery of itraconazole. The optimized thyme oil microemulsion contains thyme oil, Cremophor EL, and water at 5:25:70% v/v respectively. The drug loaded microemulsion was mixed in equal proportion with chitosan for cutaneous application. The droplet size, zeta potential, FTIR spectra, and antifungal activity of the drug free microemulsion and drug loaded microemulsions with/without chitosan were characterized. The ex vivo drug permeation of drug loaded microemulsions with/without chitosan was compared with that of the bulk drug, using the Franz diffusion apparatus with the excised skin from Wistar rats. The droplet size of the drug free microemulsion and drug loaded microemulsions with/without chitosan were 25.53 ± 3.84 nm, 168.6 ± 13.33 nm, and 35.13 ± 0.41 nm respectively, with a polydispersity index between 0.436 and 0.658. The FTIR spectra demonstrated no changes in the structure of the drug in the drug loaded microemulsions with/without chitosan. The in vitro antifungal studies against Candida albicans exhibited similar zones of inhibition between bulk drug and drug loaded microemulsion, while the minimum inhibitory concentration showed a 2-fold decrease with drug loaded microemulsions with/without chitosan compared with the bulk drug. SEM confirmed substantial morphological changes in C. albicans cell membrane. The drug loaded microemulsion with chitosan revealed a slow and sustained release of itraconazole in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4) proving it to be an efficient, stable, and sustained topical delivery vehicle.