A 54 year old female patient reported to the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, with the chief complaint of dull aching pain in the lower right front teeth region since one month. History of present illness revealed intermittent pain with hot and cold stimuli for the past three months. Past dental history revealed asymptomatic, endodontically treated right mandibular first premolar. The patient's medical history was noncontributory.On examination, the lower right canine revealed proximal caries on disto-buccal side. The tooth was not mobile and periodontal probing around the tooth was within physiological limits. Thermal tests were positive and electric pulp testing elicited delayed response with the right mandibular canine. A diagnostic radiograph revealed a coronal disto-occlusal radiolucency involving the pulp space and widening of the periodontal ligament space. The radiograph also revealed an unusual anatomy of involved tooth. It showed presence of two roots and two root canals. For further confirmation of this unusual morphology, multiple pre-operative radiographs were taken at 10-40 degree mesial and distal angulations which confirmed the presence of two roots and two root canals .From the clinical and radiographic findings, a diagnosis of symptomatic apical periodontitis was made, and root canal treatment was planned. Treatment was scheduled and initiated after obtaining written informed consent from the patient.The caries on the disto-buccal surface was excavated and restored with composite resin (3M ESPE, A G Seefeld, Germany). Local anesthesia was administered and access opening was done using endo-access bur (Dentsply Tulsa, Tulsa, OK) under rubber dam isolation. The pulp chamber was opened to facilitate location of buccal and lingual canals. Working length was established using apex locator and also radiographically [Table /Fig-2a].The canals were instrumented using stainless steel K-files (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) with master apical filing upto #35 K-file. A 5.2% solution of sodium hypochlorite and 17% EDTA were used alternatively as irrigants, at each change of file. Final irrigation was done using 2% chlorhexidine [Table/ Fig2b]. The canals were dried with absorbent paper points (Dentsply, DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany). The instrumented root canals were obturated using 2% gutta percha cones and AH Plus sealer (Dentsply, DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany) using lateral condensation technique. The final radiograph showed two well-obturated canals. After completion of root canal treatment, the tooth was restored using resin composite (3M ESPE, A G Seefeld, Germany) [Table/ Fig-2c]. DISCUSSIONProper diagnosis and identification of the number of roots and root canals are key to success of endodontic treatment [1][2][3]. The studies of Greene, Hess and Vertucci revealed 13%, 15% and 18% of two canals in single root of mandibular canines respectively [1]. The occurrence of two roots and two separate root canals in mandibular canine is a rare entity and literature search has r...

Aim: The aim of the study is to measure the amount of remaining dentin thickness (RDT) following retreatment using three different rotary nickel–titanium (NiTi) systems. Methodology: Mesiobuccal roots of 45 extracted maxillary first molars were prepared up to F 2 ProTaper File and obturated. After cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging, to evaluate the obturation, the samples were randomly assigned to three retreatment groups ( n = 15). Group I was retreated with ProTaper Universal retreatment kit, Group II and III with M TWO and D-Race retreatment files, respectively. Postoperatively, all samples were subjected to CBCT imaging and evaluated with AutoCAD software (AutoDesk, Inc.) Mill Valley, California, U.S. to calculate the RDT. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests, and the level of significance was set at P = 0.05. Results: The amount of RDT was significantly more in D-Race and M TWO groups when compared to ProTaper group. Conclusion: D-Race and M TWO instruments were associated with significantly more RDT than ProTaper.

Introduction: Facial soft tissue thickness is important not only for plastic surgeons but also for orthodontists to plan the treatment procedure. Genioplasty, an orthognathic surgery in combination with orthodontic treatment is indicated to restore adequate shape and projection of the chin in the face. It has been performed to enhance soft tissue contours related to disproportion between soft and hard tissue. These treatments require the critical information regarding the relation between soft and hard tissues for proper treatment plan-ning. However, there is very minimal documentation on comparison of soft tissue characteristics particularly in Class II malocclusion.  Aim: To evaluate and compare soft tissue chin thickness in class II subjects with various growth patterns. To evaluate soft tissue chin thickness difference in males and females and compare the results with previous studies.  Materials and methods: The study comprised 150 adults aged between 18 and 26 years (mean age 21 years). Based on FH/MP angle the study sample was allocated into three groups: group I - low (hypodivergent), group II – average, and group III - high (hyper-divergent). Radiographs were traced manually. Angular measurements were computed to determine the vertical position of the maxilla and mandible in relation to anterior cranial base, to true horizontal and to each other. Soft tissue chin thickness was measured at three different levels.  Results: Hyperdivergent group showed greater soft tissue chin thickness at Pog-Pog’ than the hypodivergent and average angle groups. Hypodivergent group showed greater soft tissue chin thickness at Me-Me’ and Gn-Gn’ as compared to average and hyperdivergent groups. Males showed greater soft tissue chin thickness at hypodivergent, average and hyperdivergent group than females.  Conclusions: Soft tissue thickness measurements were smaller in adult patients of hyperdivergent group compared to adult patients in clinically average and hypodivergent groups. All STC measurements were greater in men than in women. The findings suggested that STC thickness in hyperdivergent pattern should be considered differently at its most anterior point (Pog) relative to its inferior landmarks (Gn and Me).

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