The drug resistance among the gram negative bacteria is present as a serious global problem. ESBLs and MBLs are the important members of beta-lactamases produced mainly by gram negative bacteria and are responsible for mediating resistance to extendedspectrum cephalosporins and carbapenem. These enzymes are commonly detected in the members of the Enterobacteriaceae like Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Microbiology, Santosh Medical College & Hospital Ghaziabad by using K. pneumoniae isolated from sputum samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. ESBL and MBL production were detected by using phenotypic methods. Out of the 200 sputum samples, 72 samples were confirmed and identified as K. pneumoniae. Out of total 72 isolates, 48 (66.6%) were found to be resistant to Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime and 24 (33%) isolates were found to be ESBL producers. On the other hand 40 (55.5%) isolates were found to be resistant to imipenem and 16 (22.2%) isolates were found to be MBL producers.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the common pathogens which causes mild-to-severe diseases. Moreover, its ability to produce biofilm along with drug resistance makes it more notorious and difficult to treat; therefore, early biofilm detection can help in better management of diseases caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Materials and Methods: All clinically isolated S. aureus were screened for their antibiotic susceptibility pattern followed by MRSA status by cefoxitin disk-diffusion method. Evaluation of biofilm-producing nature of biofilm was accessed by tissue culture plate (TCP), tube adhesion (TA), and Congo red agar (CRA) methods. Results: Of all S. aureus isolates, 57% had MRSA status. TCP method showed that 68% of MRSA were biofilm producers. TA method showed 55% and CRA method showed 46% biofilm production. Conclusion: Early detection of MRSA and biofilm could be very beneficial to control S. aureus infection. Of all three biofilm detection methods, TCP method was effective in detecting biofilm, followed by TA and CRA methods.

Background: Biofilm-producing methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains may reduce the penetration rate of antibiotics which leads to treatment failure; therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the presence of icaA and icaB biofilm-producing genes in clinically isolated MRSA strains. Materials and Methods: All pus samples received in the microbiology laboratory were processed as per the standard microbiological procedure for the isolation of S. aureus. Detection of MRSA is done by the cefoxitin disc diffusion method. Phenotypic detection of biofilm in all MRSA strains was accessed by tissue culture plate (TCP) method and polymerase chain reaction as genotypic method was used for detection of icaA and icaB genes. Results: A total of 222 S. aureus were isolated from pus specimens. Out of these, 127 isolates were MRSA (57%). TCP method demonstrated that 68% of MRSA were biofilm producers, on the other hand, 52 (41%) strains showed the presence of icaA gene, and 39 (31%) strains showed the presence of icaB genes in 127 MRSA strains. Conclusion: The detection of biofilm in S. aureus should be considered as essential for better management of diseases caused by biofilm-producing S. aureus strains.