ResumoO presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento inicial, a massa específica básica, a produção da biomassa e analisar quimicamente a madeira e casca de dois clones de Eucalyptus (um híbrido espontâneo de Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake; um híbrido tri-cross de Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake x (E. camaldulensis Dehn x E. grandis Hill ex Maiden)) e um híbrido de Corymbia citriodoraA. Johnson, distribuídos em três espaçamentos de plantio: 3x3 m; 3x1,5 m; e 3x1 m, na idade de 12 meses. O estudo foi conduzido num experimento localizado no município de Itamarandiba, MG, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, em um esquema fatorial 3x3, considerando como níveis dos fatores os diferentes clones e os espaçamentos de plantio. Observou-se para os três clones, que o espaçamento 3x3 m proporcionou plantas com maior crescimento em diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) em relação aos demais espaçamentos. Os diferentes espaçamentos de plantio não induziram a variação da massa específica básica da madeira e das cascas nos clones estudados. O aumento da densidade de plantio apresentou relação direta com a produção de biomassa por unidade de área. Observou-se decréscimo dos teores de lignina na madeira, para os dois clones de Eucalyptus, do maior espaçamento para os espaçamentos mais adensados. Palavras-chave: Floresta energética; Biomassa; Biocombustível. Abstract Evaluation Corymbia and Eucalyptus clones under different spacings order to produce bioenergy.This study aimed to evaluate the initial growth, the basic density, the production of biomass and chemically analyzing of the wood and bark of two Eucalyptus clones (a hybrid of Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake, a hybrid tri-cross Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake x (E. camaldulensis Dehn x E. grandis Hill ex Maiden)) and a hybridJohnson distributed in three planting spacings: 3x3m, 3x1,5m, 3x1m, at the age of 12 months. The study was conducted in an experiment located in the county Itamarandiba, MG, in a completely randomized design with four replications, in a factorial 3x3, considering how levels of the factors the different clones and planting spacings. It was observed for the three clones that the 3x3m spacing provided plants with greater growth in diameter at breast height (DAP) in relation to the other spacings. The different planting spacings did not induce the variation of the basic specific mass of the wood and the bark in the studied clones. The increase in planting density had a direct relation with biomass production per unit area. There was a decrease in lignin contents in the wood for two clones of Eucalyptus, the larger spacing for the denser spacings. Keywords: Energy forest; Biomass; Biofuel. INTRODUÇÃOA forte pressão exercida pela sociedade para a redução da emissão de poluentes impõe a uma maior busca por biocombustíveis provenientes de fontes renováveis, e nesse cenário, destaca-se a biomassa florestal (CARNEIRO et al., 2014).As espécies do gênero Eucalyptus e Corymbia se destacam entre as diversas opções pa...
Information about sample adequacy that represents soil chemical attributes distribution are fundamental for a better rationalization of the use of correctives and fertilizers. The objective was to evaluate the variability of these attributes and to size the minimum number of composite samples to represent the fertility of forest soils. The total area planted was 9,101ha, constituted of 265 commercial eucalypt stands. The 687 soil composite samples obtained were for chemical analysis. It was evaluated the performance of two exploratory analysis techniques and six sampling procedures. The attributes P, K, Ca, Mg and S presented higher coefficient of variation (>35%). In contrast, the distributions of Al, organic matter and, mainly, pH were the most homogeneous. The sample error was smaller as the amount of composite samples increased. The representative of all chemical attributes (sample error of 5%) was achieved with a minimum of 309 (one each 29ha, 1:29) and 295 (1:31) composite samples from sampling procedures simple casual and stratified by altitude class, respectively. Both procedures were promising for soil sampling, especially, when applying the boxplot for identification and removal of outliers. ResumoAmostragem de atributos químicos em solos florestais. Informações sobre a suficiência amostral que represente a distribuição de atributos químicos do solo são fundamentais para melhor racionalização do uso de corretivos e fertilizantes. O objetivo foi avaliar a variabilidade desses atributos e dimensionar o número mínimo de amostras compostas para representar a fertilidade de solos florestais. A área total de plantio foi de 9.101ha, constituída por 265 talhões comerciais de eucalipto. Foram obtidas 687 amostras compostas de solo para a análise química. Avaliou-se o desempenho de duas técnicas de análise exploratória e seis procedimentos de amostragem. Os atributos P, K, Ca, Mg e S apresentaram maior coeficiente de variação (>35%). Em contrapartida, as distribuições do Al, matéria orgânica e, principalmente, pH foram as mais homogêneas. O erro amostral foi menor à medida que aumentou a quantidade de amostras compostas. A representatividade de todos os atributos químicos (erro amostral de 5%) foi alcançada com o mínimo de 309 (uma a cada 29ha, 1:29) e 295 (1:31) amostras compostas para os procedimentos de amostragem casual simples e estratificada por classe de altitude, respectivamente. Ambos os procedimentos se mostraram promissores para a amostragem de solo, especialmente, quando se aplicou o boxplot para identificação e remoção de outliers. Palavras-chave: Boxplot; estratificação; tamanho da amostra.
The present work aimed to evaluate some technological characteristics of the wood of two commercial hybrid clones of Eucalyptus spp and two hybrid clones of Corymbia spp, implanted in three different planting spacings, at 24 months of age. Four trees per clone were sampled at each spacing to determine the following wood characteristics: basic density, gross calorific value, energy density and cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, ash and carbon contents. There was a significant effect of the clone x spacing interaction for the basic density, energy density, lignin and cellulose contents of the wood. Eucalyptus showed the highest levels of lignin and cellulose, and hybrid clones of Corymbia the highest values of basic density and energy density of wood, with emphasis on clone C3, where the highest averages of the study were verified. For the levels of hemicelluloses and ash in the wood, the clone effect and spacing effect were observed. As for the carbon content and the gross calorific value in the wood, there was no significant effect, either from the clone, the spacing or the interaction of these two factors. The results show that there is variability in the characteristics between the genetic materials evaluated and in relation to the planting spacing tested. It should be noted that the choice of the best genetic material should be based on the technological characteristics of the wood, but also the forest productivity associated with good silviculture of the species should be evaluated.
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