Lignin, which is the second most abundant polymeric aromatic organic substance in wood biomass after cellulose, and contains many oxygen-based functional groups, has been proposed as an alternative source of chemical compounds. Guaiacol, a model compound for lignin, was reacted in supercritical water using a batch-type reactor at temperatures of 653-673 K and various pressures under an argon atmosphere. The effects of temperature and reaction time at the same pressure were combined into a single severity parameter that was used to monitor the decomposition of guaiacol to its derived compounds. The main products in aqueous solution were catechol, phenol, and o-cresol. The amounts present approached 40.73 wt %, 14.18 wt %, and 4.45 wt %, respectively. With an increase in the reaction time at the same conditions, the amount of guaiacol decreased and the quantity of derived compounds of guaiacol increased. Based on the experimental results, a reaction mechanism for the decomposition of guaiacol was proposed. The process investigated in this study may form the basis for an efficient method of wood biomass decomposition. IntroductionIn recent years, there has been an increasing focus on the utilization of biomass. A variety of conversion processes which would allow the use of biomass as an alternative source of energy and chemical compounds have been proposed. Wood biomass consists of 40-45 wt % cellulose, 25-35 wt % hemicellulose, 15-30 wt % lignin, and other compounds (up to 10 wt %) [1]. Much research has been conducted on cellulose utilization technology.The use of supercritical water (T c = 647.2 K and P c = 22.1 MPa) is a promising technology for the decomposition of wood biomass, because it can be applied at lower temperatures than are usual for biomass treatment 1) . In particular, supercritical water has many advantages when used as a solvent or reaction medium [2][3][4][5][6][7]. It is completely miscible with light gases, hydrocarbons, and aromatics. It has been found that supercritical water plays an important role as a thermally stable solvent in which various organic decomposition and formation reactions can proceed without a catalyst, including oxidation and hydrolysis, two major reactions for completely converting organic materials into carbon dioxide, water and nitrogen. It has been found that the main products of hydrolysis can be produced with a high yield from cellulose under these conditions [8][9][10][11][12][13][14].Antal et al.[2] carried out gasification of biomass with a carbon catalyst in supercritical water at > 923 K, and achieved almost complete gasification, with hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane as the major products. Sasaki et al. [11] carried out cellulose decomposition in supercritical water at 623-673 K under non-catalytic conditions and obtained a yield of hydrolysis products approaching 75 %. The effect of alkali salts as a catalyst on cellulose conversion has also been widely investigated [15,16]. Saisu et al. [17] reported the decomposition of lignin to chemical compounds i...

Decomposition of the tar residue from oil distillation was carried out under hydrothermal conditions using a batch reactor at 623-673 K and 25-40 MPa, with and without K 2 CO 3 as a catalyst. The reaction scheme for tar decomposition was determined as follows: the liquefaction and dissolution process of tar occur first and then intermediate chemical compounds are transformed into lighter molecular weight species. The presence of K 2 CO 3 activates the dissociation of molecular hydrogen to facilitate hydrogenation reactions. The main products from the decomposition of tar were phenol, biphenyl, diphenylether (DPE), and diphenylmethane (DPM). These results indicate that hydrolysis was important in the cleavage of the macromolecular structure of tar under both catalytic and non-catalytic hydrothermal conditions. This method can be developed for efficient tar liquefaction to generate high yields of valuable chemicals in an environmentally friendly way.

Ganoderma lucidum (hereafter G. lucidum) has been known as a food and raw material used in the development of medications because of its high content of polysaccharides, or β-glucans, which support the immune function. In this work, subcritical water was applied to utilize G. lucidum for the extraction of polysaccharides at temperatures of 373-463K and a pressure level of 4.0 MPa using a semi-batch system. Furthermore, these extracts were atomized and contacted with hot air to produce microsphere particles. During extraction, thermal softening of G. lucidum occurred, allowing the removal of the polysaccharides and protecting other constituents in G. lucidum via hydrolysis. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the microsphere particles formed were spherical and dimpled or shriveled particles with diameters varying from 1 to 6 m. Characteristics of the molecular mass revealed that main massed peaks of water soluble products were distributed at around 688-2636 m/z with a peakto-peak mass difference of 162 m/z, consistent with the repeating unit of the glucans.