IntroductionHealthcare systems must be equipped to handle major incidents. Few have been described in the African setting, including in Rwanda. The purpose of this case report was to describe and discuss two major incident simulations in Rwanda with different challenges.Case reportWe report two recent major incident exercises conducted in Rwanda, in 2017. The exercises exemplify two different types of multiple casualty incidents requiring the deployment of extra-ordinary resources, one due to the location of the incident (off-shore), and the other due to the large volume of casualties. Both exercises required extensive multi-agency planning and training beforehand, as part of an increasing awareness of the need for preparedness for these types of incidents.ConclusionThe exercises demonstrated the need for a standardised, physiological method of triage based on clinical needs; this is in order to maximise the number of lives saved. Triage training should be an integral part of further major incident exercises, which should be conducted regularly.

Sometimes it's better to be lucky than good. As new blood filled our young patient's veins, her breathing became regular and her pulse full. She was so far gone I would not have expected her to recover consciousness for a day, if at all, but within an hour, she began to wake up. We removed the breathing tube a couple of hours later- no ventilator ever needed. As life-sustaining technology becomes more widely available in fortunate parts of the developing world, benefits come with complications. The temptation is to focus on the thing-the ventilator itself-as the crucial element and press to buy more, mistaking the problem for one of resource scarcity only. But we need a culturally relevant ethical framework to guide the use and withdrawal of ventilators and similar life-sustaining tools. Resource scarcity is only part of the problem. Buying additional ventilators only defers allocation decisions and entirely fails to address end-of-life suffering. It is unsustainable in Rwanda; it is a dubious solution anywhere. The intangible need for an ethical framework hides beneath apparent scarcity and, when this need is not addressed and luck runs out, one salvageable patient can die for want of a ventilator that serves only to prolong the suffering of another.

IntroductionLaryngospasm is a partial or complete closure of the vocal cords, causing stridor and then complete airway obstruction. We present an unusual case of recurrent laryngospasm following cervical spine trauma.Case reportA 41-year-old pedestrian was hit by a car sustaining several spine fractures including a comminuted fracture of C1. These were initially unrecognised, and his cervical spine was not immobilised. During this time the patient experienced three episodes of laryngospasm requiring intubation. On day 11 his fractures were identified, and a Philadelphia collar was placed. He made a full recovery without any neurological sequelae.DiscussionLaryngospasm is a recognised complication of anaesthesia and intubation. This case illustrates that this life-threatening complication can also follow cervical fractures, and reinforces the need for prompt and careful review of imaging to identify such fractures in trauma patients, especially those with stridor.