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Children, in their everyday lives, encounter several types of humanoid robots. The purpose of this study was to investigate children's folk knowledge of robots using the card-choice task. In the task, both adults and five-and six-year-old children were given nine questions concerning the biological and psychological properties of robots. They were asked to choose the appropriate stimuli from among five objects including living things, nonliving things, and a robot. The results revealed that the children tended to attribute certain biological properties to the robot. These results accorded with previous results. However, in our study, contrary to previous such studies, even older children showed such a tendency. Moreover, the children were unable to choose all the cards in the same way as the adults. Thus, it can be concluded that children's knowledge of robots is incomplete. And the children's knowledge is changed by method.

This study investigated how infants percept human body movement and humanoid robot movement using eyetracking system. We recorded eye-movements of 5-, 9-, 12-month-old infants and adults during free-viewing of video clips demonstrating possible and impossible human arm movements and the same movements by humanoid robot. It was found that 5-month-old infants spent more time looking at the human face, regardless of the types of the movement. However, 9-, 12-month-old infants spent less time looking at the face, but more time looking at the arm when they viewed impossible human movement compared to possible human movement. Similar age-dependent changes in the visual fixation pattern were observed in humanoid robot condition. In addition, 5-month-old infants hardly looked at the robot's face-like part regardless of the types of the movement, but the preference for robot's face-like part increased with age. Taken together, these findings suggest the possibility that knowledge concerning the movement of a human body is acquired between 9 and 12 months.

We present a cytogenetically normal neonate who developed transient abnormal myelopoiesis. The blasts showed trisomy 21. In contrast, fibroblasts, and PHA-stimulated peripheral blood demonstrated normal diploid line on extensive karyotyping. Direct sequencing of the DNA derived from the peripheral blood at overt disease revealed splice site mutation in the boundary of GATA1 exon 2. The patient received three courses of chemotherapy leading to complete remission. During the complete remission, there was neither mutation of GATA1 exon 2 nor trisomy 21, confirming somatic nature of both abnormalities. The patient is now free from the disease 12 months after remission. This case emphasizes the significance of trisomy 21 as the cause of transient abnormal myelopoiesis in Down syndrome.

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