PurposeThe need to alleviate poverty and achieve the United Nations (UN) 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through Universal Social Protection (USP) mechanisms is a high priority for governments and international organisations (IOs). This paper focuses on the recent introduction of a general minimum income (GMI) in Greece, in the context of the international diffusion of governing expertise. It examines whether the “universal” scheme being implemented constitutes a paradigm shift likely to offer solutions to the country's previous fragmented and unjust welfare system, and to problems the society has faced since the 2010s depression.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses critical grounded theory, with data gathering through iterative field observations and semi-structured interviews.FindingsResults highlight the elusiveness of USP normative promises: rather than enhancing people's effective freedoms to act as self-determining agents, USP pushes the poor to adapt to current degraded socio-economic conditions. Participation in the shadow economy is a structural feature of USP; it is implicitly tolerated insofar as it is regarded, in the words of the World Bank (WB), an “engine for growth”. This constitutes an institutional and governance challenge for the implementation and expansion of social welfare programmes and could compromise the 2030 SDGs Agenda.Originality/valueWhile research to date has examined the “modernisation” of the Greek welfare system in a national or comparative perspective, it adds to the literature by framing the study in the field of global social policy, shedding light on the discrepancies between internationally designed mechanisms and the normative aims of USP.
This article studies the chronic and acute anomic social impacts of the development of market societies in Europe over past decades. Focusing on the firm but linking micro and macro levels, it argues that the passage from the Welfare State to disembedded markets and neoliberal governance has generated individual and collective anomie by depriving social actors of agency and voice while caging them in the disciplinary constraints of an ideal competition society. Promoted by public and private governors animated by visions of managerial omnipotence, this reconfiguration has hollowed out the cluster of rights that founded democratic and social citizenship in Europe. The article discusses the manifestations of anomie, stressing the violence flowing from the radical uncertainty to which atomized employees and more broadly citizens are confronted in the face of the reification of collective goals, which have been reduced to participation in market society. Drawing on the classical literature (Durkheim, Parsons, Merton) but expanding upon it, the paper examines exit solutions, at individual and collective levels, involving violence against the self (suicide) and others (mobbing, xenophobia, fascism), and concludes that Europe seems to be heading towards a protracted period of danger laden chronic and acute anomie.
Prenant la parole à l'Assemblée nationale pour plaider l'irrecevabilité du projet de loi de finances pour 2006, le député communiste du Cher, Jean-Claude Sandrier, avait beaucoup de mal à capter l'attention de ses collègues de la majorité gouvernementale. C'était le 18 octobre 2005, quelque dix jours avant l'embrasement des banlieues françaises. Dénonçant le déséquilibre des choix budgétaires clairement favorables aux couches sociales aisées, l'orateur s'efforçait de porter à la connaissance des parlementaires des messages d'inquiétude et de détresse d'une fraction de la population française. « Je n'y crois pas ! », s'écria l'UMP Jean-Marc Roubaud à l'évocation du cas particulier, par ailleurs ordinaire, d'un jeune couple en difficulté faute d'emploi stable. « Mettez-les tous au travail ! », ajouta-t-il un peu plus tard, excédé par les arguments pointant l'aggravation de la situation sociale. « C'est de la caricature de misérabilisme, dont vous faites votre fonds de commerce ! », renchérit Gilles Carrez, rapporteur général de la commission des finances 1. L'anecdote peut paraître banale, tant ce type d'échange verbal, où qu'il ait lieu, est fréquent. Pourtant, même en admettant qu'elles sont partie prenante d'un rituel qui structure tous les débats parlementaires, les exclamations des députés renvoyant leur adversaire politique à son « misérabilisme » et à sa « démagogie » étonnent. Car cet exemple, et d'autres encore cités par le député de l'opposition à l'appui de sa démonstration, n'ont vraiment rien d'exceptionnel. On se demande pourquoi le point de vue des premiers, no
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