Most of the drugs used for trichinellosis treatment showed a limited bioavailability, a high degree of resistance and a weak activity against encapsulated larvae. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new agents to improve the bioavailability of these drugs. So, the aim of the present study was to assess the use of chitosan (CH) nanoparticles alone or loaded with full and half dose albendazole (ABZ) to increase albendazole dissolution rate, to enhance its antiparasitic activity during the muscular phases of T. spiralis infection. Fifty male albino mice were used. They were divided into six experimental groups. Two control groups each includes five mice and four infected treated groups each includes ten mice. Chitosan nanoparticles were used orally at a dose of 100mg/kg/day starting from the 31 st -day post infection (dpi) for seven successive days either alone or loaded with full dose or half dose of ABZ. Results revealed a significant improvement in all treated groups with the highest reduction rate (97.3%) of muscle larval counts, improvement of muscular histopathological changes, and degeneration of encysted larvae with minimal pathologic changes of infected skeletal muscles. A significant decrease in inducible nitric oxide synthetize (iNOS) expression in muscle tissues was in mice treated by CH loaded with a full dose of ABZ compared to control group.

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Trichinella spiralis can cause systemic inflammatory manifestations all over the body before habituating their destination in the striated muscles. Its new borne larvae (NBL) most dangerous phase go via bloodstream of different organs during migration.This study explored the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of Curcumin (Cur) and Curcumin nanoparticles (Cur-Nano) on inflammatory and pathological changes occurred in different organs in murine trichinellosis during larval migratory phase.Forty ( 40) male Swiss albino mice were divided into four groups of ten mice each. GI: mice infected and treated with Cur, GII: mice infected and treated with Cur-Nano, GIII: infected nontreated mice (positive control) and GIV: non-infected non-treated (negative control). Mice were infected orally with 200 T. spiralis larvae per mouse. GI & GII received treatment on 13 th day post infection (dpi) for 5 successive days. All mice were sacrificed on the 30 th dpi. Effects of Cur & Cur-Nano were evaluated by counting T. spiralis encysted larvae in muscle by light microscope. Frozen sera (-20°C) were used for quantitative estimation of ALT, AST, TNF sforming growth factor--) and Troponin (Trop). Specimens of lung, liver, brain and heart were fixed in neutral buffered formalin for H&E and immunohistochemical staining.The results showed that number of encysted T. spiralis larvae in GI & GII was significantly reduced compared to GIII. In both treated groups (GI & GII), there was a significant reduction in -& Trop. There was significant improvement of bile duct injury and proliferation, alveolar and pleural inflammation, and bronchial epithelial proliferation, as well as improvement of degenerative changes in brain and heart. The infected nontreated group (GIII) showed significant overexpression of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX 2 ), caspase 3, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), arginase and granzyme b, with a significant low expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) as compared to treated groups.