The study was carried out on analysis of perceived causes and factors influencing vegetable farmers-pastoralists conflicts in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling procedure was employed to select 360 respondents from the study areas of Northern, Southern and Central Senatorial districts of Kaduna State. Data were collected through structure questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive (mean, frequency distribution, percentages and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (logistics regression). The results showed that 80.6% and 91.6% of the vegetable farmers and pastoralists were found to be male, majority (80.2%) and (86.1%) were married farmers and pastoralists, respectively. Also, the vegetable famers and pastoralists had relatively higher education of 34.1% and 31.8%, respectively. A grand mean of 3.79 was revealed as the perceived causes of vegetable farmers-pastoralists conflicts meaning there was persistence conflicts in the study area. So, the results disclosed the major causes of farmer-pastoralists conflicts to include influx of migrant herders/transhumance and night grazing (= 4.32), inadequate grazing reserve (= 4.25) and destruction of crop by animals (= 4.24) as perceived by vegetable farmers. However, the pastoralists perceived major causes of conflicts to include inadequate grazing reserve (= 4.44), destruction crops by animals (= 4.21) and encroaching grazing reserves (= 4.11). The results of logit regression on factors influencing farmers-pastoralists showed that age, and widow, number of livestock were found to be positively significant (P≤0.01), respectively. Household size, educational level and farm size were significant (P≤0.05) in influencing conflicts. The coefficient (-0.16) of number of livestock was found to be negative but significant (P≤0.01) implying that as number of livestock increases, the tendency to participate in a conflict also increases.it was concluded that vegetable farmers-pastoralists conflicts in the study was mostly influenced by age, education level, household size, farm size and number of livestock. The study recommended that grazing areas should be provided for pastoralists as a means of preventing farmers and pastoralist conflicts like the ranching (ruga) policy by the federal government and private partners.

This study was carried out to compare the food security status of participants and Non-participant farmers in millennium village projects in Ikara Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was adopted to determine the sample size of 320 for the study. The statistical tools used to analyze the data were descriptive statistics and the United States cost-of-calorie index. The results revealed aggregate income gap (G) of -61.228, -62.012 and -185.775 for MVPI, MVP II and non-participant, respectively, indicating that food insecure households would need 61.228, 62.012 and 185.775 per adult equivalent to meet their daily basic food requirements for MVPI, MVP II and non-participant, respectively. The results showed that participant farmers of the projects were more food secured (62%) than the non-participant (16%). Also, more participants with food insecurity without hunger (33%) were reported than their counterparts but fewer than their counterparts in terms of insecurity with moderate hunger (20.6%) and food insecurity with severe hunger. The findings further indicates that majority (61%) of the respondents were food secured than the non-participant farmers (16%). The mean food security index for food secured and food insecure households were 1.43 and 0.81, respectively. The food insecurity gap of 0.19 and 0.43 implies that on the average, the food insecure households consumed 19% less than their daily calorie requirements whilst food secured households consumed 43% in excess of their daily calorie requirements. The participants and non-participants were faced with challenges of stringent rules and regulations, and inadequate capital. The study recommended that the respondents should scale up own food production (cereals, legumes and tubers, home gardens, livestock, poultry and fishing) in order to ensure sustainability of food security in the study area.

The study analyzed the participation of male and female cattle farmers in cattle production in Bauchi and Yobe States Nigeria. A snowball technique was used in selecting one hundred and twenty (120) sample of farmers comprising forty (40) males and twenty (20) females from each of Bauchi and Yobe States respectively. Data on socioeconomic characteristics and participation in cattle production were collected using an interview schedule between April and June of 2021. The results reveal that male and female cattle farmers in Bauchi and Yobe States were active producers with mean age in years of 48.9 (males), 42.3 (females), 44.4 (males) and 41.4 (females) in Bauchi and Yobe States respectively. Male farmers had more cattle (x=38 in Bauchi and `x=20 in Yobe) than their female counterparts (`x=6 in Bauchi and`x= 2 in Yobe). The majority of farmers (male = 95%, female = 100%, male = 65%, female = 80%) in Bauchi and Yobe States respectively had no contact with extension but all farmers (100%) had membership of cooperatives. Male (`x=11.18) and female (`x=11.25) cattle farmers in Yobe State participated in cattle production more than male (x=9.78) and female (x=8.00) cattle farmers in Bauchi State. Both male (x=0.00) and female (x=0.00) farmers in Bauchi and Yobe States did not participate at all in breeding and artificial insemination. There was a significant difference (t = 2.223, p ˂ 0.05) in participation of male and female cattle farmers in cattle production in Bauchi State. There was no significant difference (t = -0.104, p ˃ 0.05) in cattle production between male and female cattle farmers in Yobe State. There was no participation in highly technical activities like breeding and artificial insemination. It was recommended that cattle farmers should leverage their membership of cooperative societies in accessing adult education especially in cattle production, credits and extension services and seek training in breeding and artificial insemination.