Introduction: There has been various report of the potential of manufacturing of bioethanol from the use of different microbial inoculants for the fermentation of different feedstocks has been previously described and carried out by various researchers. And bioethanol is considered as cheap and efficient biofuel, and environmentally friendly Aims: The aim of this study is to manufacture bio-ethanol from waste material; such as cassava peel, which would serve as an alternate source of fuel. Methodology: Cassava peels obtained from garri processing plant in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, were washed, sun-dried, grounded into powdery form and then sieved with 1.5 μ nylon sieve. The powdery cassava peels obtained was cultured using the following inoculant combinations: A = 20 g + Bacillus; B = 20 g + Pseudomonas; C = 20 g + Bacillus + Pseudomonas; D = 40 g + Bacillus; E = 40 g + Pseudomonas; F = 40 g + Bacillus + Pseudomonas; G = 20 g + Aspergillus niger; H = 20 g + Fusarium; I = 40 g + Aspergillus niger; J = 40 g + Fusarium. The control was free of inoculated organism. The cultures were subjected to distillation process for on the 21st day; and the quantity of bio-ethanol manufactured in each group was recorded. Results: The waste material (cassava peels) produced the highest bio-ethanol yield of 147 mL with A. niger, followed by the combination of Bacillus + Pseudomonas which yielded 108 mL of bio-ethanol. Low ethanol yields of 45, 83 and 94 ml/L were obtained from the cassava peels of in combination with Fusarium, Pseudomonas and Bacillus alone. Conclusion: Microbes of choice in this study displayed great potential for manufacturing of bio-ethanol from cassava peels.

The effect of fresh, photo-activated and distilled cow urine was examined on the hematological parameters of pathogen-induced albino rats using automated hematological analyzer. The albino rats were grouped into 3 (A, B and C) and 2 controls; with each group containing 5 rats. Each animal group was induced with 0.5mL of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi respectively. After 7 days of infection, each animal group was treated with fresh, photo-activated and distilled cow urine for the period of 5 days. The animal group infected with P. aeruginosa died after second day of treatment. The blood samples of the animal were collected for hematological analysis. The parameters taken are; Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Hemoglobin (Hb), White Blood Cell count (WBC), Neutrophil, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophil and Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) and Red Blood Cell count (RBC). The result obtained from the analysis showed that all the samples of cow urine used were effective in the treatment of diseases caused by the bacterial pathogens.

The use of purses and pouches were recommended to prevent protracted body contact with currency notes in order to abate microbial contamination of the notes, however many currency users do not comply with the use of purses, and many pouches where these notes are kept are usually dirty. It is therefore imperative to look for a way of disinfecting the notes and the environment in which it is kept. Camphor has been discovered as an effective insecticide and has been used by people to safeguard fabrics without adverse health effect. It is instructive to investigate the possibility of using the substance as antimicrobial agent for currency notes. One hundred and twenty- eight (128) samples of currency notes containing different denominations were collected at random from different sources in Ado- Ekiti metropolis. Sixty-four (64) samples were treated with camphor for six hours; the other sixty-four samples were left untreated. Isolation of microorganisms was carried out using pour plate method, microbial loads and antimicrobial activity of camphor on the samples was determined. Isolates from the samples included Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Aspergillus flavus, Mucor, Rhizopus nigrican and Scopulariopsis, but E. aerogenes, Rhizopus nigrican and Scopolariopsis were not isolated on the ₦500 and ₦1000 notes of the treated samples. The microbial loads of untreated currency notes ranged from 1.70 ×102 – 2.4× 102 cfu/ml while that of treated samples ranged from 1.00 × 102 – 1.2 × 102 cfu/ml. The reduction in the number of microorganisms and the microbial loads of the treated samples is evidence that camphor could be used as an antimicrobial agent on currency notes.

Aim: The antimicrobial activities of the ethanolic extracts of D. Stramonium pulp, seed and leaf against some medically important pathogenic microorganisms were studied. Methodology: The antimicrobial activities of the ethanolic extracts of D. Stramonium pulp, seed and leaf were assessed on Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria). Results: The highest percentage recovery at 50% ethanolic extract of leaf was 5.6±0.1 and lowest in Pulp with 3.9±0.1. The 50% ethanolic extracts showed significant activities against tested pathogens more than the 75% ethanolic extracts which, may be due to the effect of heat generated by water bath during extraction process. The plant extracts exerted highest zones of inhibition in pulp and seed extracts against P. aeruginosa with 21±1.0 and 17±2.0 respectively and least in K. pneumoniae with 10±0.5 from seed extract. The antimicrobial activities observed in this study were due to the presence of certain phytochemials that have bactericidal or inhibitory effects on  test organisms. These phytochemicals include  alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, phenol and glycosides. Conclusion: D. stramonium extracts revealed very promising results with health-promoting potentials that could be applied in the treatment of ailments caused by these pathogens.