Polymeric
nanoparticles have become indispensable in modern society
with a wide array of applications ranging from waterborne coatings
to drug-carrier-delivery systems. While a large range of techniques
exist to determine a multitude of properties of these particles, relating
physicochemical properties of the particle to the chemical structure
of the intrinsic polymers is still challenging. A novel, highly orthogonal
separation system based on comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography
(LC × LC) has been developed. The system combines hydrodynamic
chromatography (HDC) in the first-dimension to separate the particles
based on their size, with ultrahigh-performance size-exclusion chromatography
(SEC) in the second dimension to separate the constituting polymer
molecules according to their hydrodynamic radius for each of 80 to
100 separated fractions. A chip-based mixer is incorporated to transform
the sample by dissolving the separated nanoparticles from the first-dimension
online in tetrahydrofuran. The polymer bands are then focused using
stationary-phase-assisted modulation to enhance sensitivity, and the
water from the first-dimension eluent is largely eliminated to allow
interaction-free SEC. Using the developed system, the combined two-dimensional
distribution of the particle-size and the molecular-size of a mixture
of various polystyrene (PS) and polyacrylate (PACR) nanoparticles
has been obtained within 60 min.
Separation and characterization
of complex mixtures are of crucial
importance in many fields, where extremely high separation power is
required. Three-dimensional separation techniques can offer a path
toward achieving high peak capacities. In this Review, online three-dimensional
separation systems are discussed, including three-dimensional gas
chromatography, and hyphenated combinations of two-dimensional gas
chromatography with liquid chromatography or supercritical-fluid chromatography.
Online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography provides
detailed information on complex samples and the need for higher peak
capacities is pushing researchers toward online three-dimensional
liquid chromatography. In this review, an overview of the various
combinations are provided and we discuss and compare their potential
performance, advantages, perspectives, and results obtained during
the most recent 10–15 years. Finally, the Review will discuss
a novel approach of spatial three-dimensional liquid separation to
increase peak capacity.
h i g h l i g h t s g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t Comprehensive 2D-LC was used to characterize polymeric nanoparticles.The relation between particle size and composition was determined.Applicable to hydrophobic, hydrophilic and charged monomercomprising particles. An algorithm was developed to automatically correct for HDC band broadening. Method can be used to study particle formation during emulsion polymerization.
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