This is a conceptual paper to study the impacts of green marketing strategy on the Malaysian certified ISO 14001 Environmental Management System firms' performance. The paper aims at presenting the reviews of the literature on the green marketing and analyses the two factors that will influence the firms' performance. Despite the rising trend of consumers that willing to spend for a green product and the potential of green product, previous literature revealed that green marketing has encountered some challenges. The conclusion that was drawn is that, green innovation and the green promotion have a positive effect on the firms' performance.

We present constraints on cosmological parameters from the Pantheon+ analysis of 1701 light curves of 1550 distinct Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) ranging in redshift from z = 0.001 to 2.26. This work features an increased sample size, increased redshift span, and improved treatment of systematic uncertainties in comparison to the original Pantheon analysis and results in a factor of 2 improvement in cosmological constraining power. For a FlatΛCDM model, we find Ω M = 0.338 ± 0.018 from SNe Ia alone. For a Flatw 0 CDM model, we measure w 0 = −0.89 ± 0.13 from SNe Ia alone, H 0 = 72.86 +0.94 −1.06 km s −1 Mpc −1 when including the Cepheid host distances and covariance (SH0ES), and w 0 = −0.978 +0.024 −0.031 when combining the SN likelihood with constraints from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO); both w 0 values are consistent with a cosmological constant. We also present the most precise measurements to date on the evolution of dark energy in a Flatw 0 w a CDM universe, and measure w a = −0.4 +1.0 −1.8 from Pantheon+ alone, H 0 = 73.40 +0.99 −1.22 km s −1 Mpc −1 when including SH0ES, and w a = −0.65 +0.28 −0.32 when combining Pan-theon+ with CMB and BAO data. Finally, we find that systematic uncertainties in the use of SNe Ia along the distance ladder comprise less than one third of the total uncertainty in the measurement of H 0 and cannot explain the present "Hubble tension" between local measurements and early-Universe predictions from the cosmological model.

Here we present 1701 light curves of spectroscopically confirmed Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) that will be used to infer cosmological parameters as part of the Pantheon+ SN analysis and the SH0ES (Supernovae and H 0 for the Equation of State of dark energy) distance-ladder analysis. This effort is one part of a series of works that perform an extensive review of redshifts, peculiar velocities, photometric calibration, and intrinsic-scatter models of SNe Ia. The total number of light curves, which are compiled across 18 different surveys, is a significant increase from the first Pantheon analysis (1048 SNe), particularly at low redshift (z). Furthermore, unlike in the Pantheon analysis, we include light curves for SNe with z < 0.01 such that SN systematic covariance can be included in a joint measurement of the Hubble constant (H 0 ) and the dark energy equation-of-state parameter (w). We use the large sample to compare properties of 170 SNe Ia observed by multiple surveys and 12 pairs/triplets of "SN siblings" -SNe found in the same host galaxy. Distance measurements, application of bias corrections, and inference of cosmological parameters are discussed in the companion paper by Brout et al. (2022b), and the determination of H 0 is discussed by Riess et al. (2022). These analyses will measure w with ∼ 3% precision and H 0 with ∼ 1 km/s/Mpc precision.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of funding liquidity risk and liquidity risk on the bank risk-taking. Design/methodology/approach This study employs a system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation technique and a sample of 57 banks operating in BRICS countries over the period from 2006 to 2015. Findings The results reveal that liquidity risk has a significant and negative effect on the bank risk-taking, indicating that a decrease in liquidity risk contributes to higher bank risk-taking. The study also reveals that funding liquidity risk has the substantial impact on bank risk-taking, suggesting lower funding liquidity risk results in higher bank risk-taking. These results are consistent with prior assumptions. Research limitations/implications The implications of this study highlight the fact that liquidity risk is a risk factor which drives the potential bank default, of which banks tend to take more risks when higher funding liquidity exists. Practical implications This study offers a number of valuable implications for the policy makers as well as practitioners. The policy makers should take into account better liquidity risk management framework aimed at preventing banks from taking excessive risks. Bank executives must pay more attention on how banks could hold more liquid securities and cash. Less risk-taking reduces higher borrowing costs undermining earnings through imposing taxes on corporate. Originality/value This work uncovered that liquidity risk per se is an important and previously unidentified risk factor, specifically its effects on bank risk-taking and contributes to the view in support of holding more liquid securities than the past.

Objective: To prospectively evaluate opioid consumption following adult outpatient otologic surgery.