this paper focuses on data modeling for traceability in information layer of manufacturing control system. The model is able to trace all associated data throughout the product manufacturing from order to final product. Applicability of designed data-model is enhanced with traceability of associated quality data for the system dynamically. The modeling consisted of four steps, mapped successfully and integrated in one final framework. Techniques and procedures of the modeling are explained along with business relationships. Data model expression based on EntityRelationships modeling is proposed. The developed model promises to handle fundamental issues of a traceability system effectively. It supports for customization and real-time control of material in flow in all quality and production operation processes. Recording deviations and assessing their impact become easier. Through enhanced visibility and dynamic store/retrieval of data, all traceability usages and applications is responded. Designed solution is initially applicable in identical lot-base traceability of material in flow cases as a reference data model.

The development of highly conductive fabrics for application in electronic textiles on non-rigid substrates has gained much interest owing to their potential for realizing next-generation wearable conductive fabrics. Besides, it could be used as a portable device in the energy and healthcare industries. However, pristine PEDOT: PSS has been reported to have low conductivity values due to excessive PSS chains that wrapped up around the PEDOT conductive chain structure. In this context, one of the most successful techniques to include dopant is to use ethylene glycol (EG) to improve the conductivity of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS). Immersing or coating of fabrics with PEDOT: PSS is one of the facile methods used for obtaining functional and smart properties. Our studies prepared conductive polymer; PEDOT: PSS with ethylene glycol (EG) dopant) at different concentrations on polyester (PES) fabric substrates by a facile immersion process. The effect of the different concentrations of EG on the conductivity is shown when Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is conducted. It shows that 6% v/v of EG gives the optimum conductivity value up to 4.06 × 10-3 Scm-1. Meanwhile, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imaging is focusing on the morphology of the immersed fabric. The improvement in crystallinity of the doped PEDOT: PSS was revealed and evaluated using X-ray Diffraction (XRD). As a result, it has been demonstrated that EG is an excellent dopant because it efficiently increases the electrical conductivity and crystallinity of PEDOT: PSS fabric.

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In recent years there has been growing interest in utilising natural fi bres as reinforcement in polymer composites for making low-cost construction materials. Hitherto, the use of natural fi bres has been more traditional than technical. These fi bres have long served many useful purposes, but the application of material technology for the utilisation of natural fi bres as reinforcement in polymer matrices is comparatively recent. The attractive features of natural fi bres include their low cost, low weight, high specifi c modulus, renewability, and biodegradability. Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFBs) are readily available in large quantities in palm-oil mills. It has been estimated that the amount of empty fruit bunches (EFBs) available in Malaysia per year is about 4.43 million t. Oil palm fi bre (OPF) can be obtained directly from the natural resource, is cheap, and also has the advantages of renewability, low cost, and easy availability. EFB fi bre can be used for wood plastic, medium-density fi breboard (MDF), erosion control, and landscaping. This paper presents a literature review of the development and mechanical properties of oil palm fi bre reinforced polymer composites. The mechanical properties of OPF composites are also discussed, together with their chemical, thermal, and physical properties as determined by several researchers. Both thermosetting and thermoplastic resins are used as matrices in OPF composites.