Background: When there are high demands besides less resources, a person experiences a feeling of fear that is known as “Stress”. Students of professional schools/colleges and universities are encounter more stress than the general population as they are in a transitory phase from adolescence to adulthood. It has been highlighted that medical education has greater association with stress. There are three examination systems that are been followed by medical colleges of Pakistan (modular, semester and annual systems). However, to the best of our knowledge, no data is available to show the association of stress with current examination systems in our country. Aims: The objectives of our study were to find out the association of stress with different examination systems and to identify the frequency of stress causing and coping factors adopted by 1st, 2nd and 3rd year medical students studying in colleges having different examination systems i.e. modular, semester and annual. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Place & Duration of Study: This study was conducted from December 2018 to April 2019 in three medical colleges of Sindh having above mentioned examination systems. Study Population: Medical students of 1st 2nd and 3rd year. Methodology: To assess depression, anxiety and stress among study population, DASS Scale was used. To identify the stress causing and coping factors in the students Likert scale based proforma with 19 factors were given to the selected participants Results: There was no significant association of examination system with depression, anxiety and stress, however various stress causing and coping factors were found significant in altering medical student`s life. Conclusion: According to our study, the frequency of stress in the medial students has no association with the examination systems (modular, semester and annual), currently followed by the medical colleges in Sindh, Pakistan.

This is a systemic review to identify the essentials of health care marketing. The objective of this study is to critically analyze, assess, and document the literature [1,2,3] (Balogun and Ogunnaike, 2017; Awaand Eze, 2013) on elements of health care marketing, to establish its scope and to identify its gaps in various studies literature and to make further recommendations related to this field. Practitioners and researchers are slowly and gradually recognizing and identifying the importance of health care marketing for the growth of this industry. However, all have not yet embraced the methodical application of marketing theories. The data, which is available on diversity of service providers, different care services that are available and their comparative and respective impact on health care marketing have limitations.

All the countries in the world are struggling to improve their healthcare systems regardless of being rich or poor. Talking about Cuba, it represents an example of well-developed healthcare system and policies which is comparable to developed countries of the world. The success of Cuban healthcare system largely depends upon its strong primary health care system, proper immunization, robust public health policies, treating all the population classes equally providing them with free healthcare services. The control of infection spread and non-communicable diseases also contributes to the success of Cuban Healthcare system. We have discussed the Cuban health care system from start till the current situation and also, we performed SWOT analysis to bring the clearer depiction of the Cuban Healthcare System as it highlights the key internal and external issues which are further discussed in detail.

Each country of the world has its own health care system to follow, Pakistan has followed the healthcare system designed by British rulers since 1947. Primary healthcare, Secondary Healthcare and tertiary healthcare are the major parts of the defined healthcare system that are been practiced across the country. Pakistan has always participated and encouraged health promotion and delivery participating in Millennium Development Goal (MDG) program, encouraging public private partnership, investing in improvement of human resources and skills, introducing Basic Health Units (BHUs) and Rural Health centers. Though investment and inputs are set at achieving health for all but many weaknesses have slowed down the process of development. Poor governance and monitory policy, political influence and budget allocation issues have made it difficult to provide health on equal basis. The current review is aimed to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of healthcare system of Pakistan.

Objectives: To evaluate post lockdown mental health parameters that are anxiety, depression, and stress among students of Baqai Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan.Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among all dental college students all academic years through convenience sampling with a valid questionnaire DASS 21 on phycological health parameters i.e., anxiety stress and depression. Questionnaire was distributed on offi cial online groups of all academic levels that are fi rst, second, third and fourth year of, Baqai Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan. Statistically signifi cant value was considered as p = < 0.05. One-way Anova was used as statistical test. Chi square test was used to test anxiety, depression, and stress association among all academic years and among both male and female genders of student.Results: In this survey was conducted among 243 undergraduate male female students of all four academic years of dentistry. Among these students when compared fi nal year students were found most stressed (34.5%) and depressed (43.6%) and anxiety was found greatest among them(72.7%). Depression anxiety and stress was lowest among fi rst year students (21.2%,13.1%,32.1%).Conclusion: The study concluded that anxiety , stress level is extremely high among final year students and depression is high in third and fi nal year students while gender showed no major difference in mental health parameters when compared. Both gender showed almost same anxiety, depression, and stress level.