Studies indicate there are a variety of contributing factors affecting physician test ordering behaviour. Identifying these behaviours allows development of behaviour-based interventions.Methods Through a pilot study, the list of contributing factors in laboratory tests ordering, and the most ordered tests, were identi ed, and given to 50 medical students, interns, residents and paediatricians in questionnaire form. The results showed routine tests and peer or supervisor pressure as the most in uential factors affecting physician ordering behaviour. An audit and feedback mechanism was selected as an appropriate intervention to improve physician ordering behaviour. The intervention was carried out at two intervals over a three-month period.Findings There was a large reduction in the number of laboratory tests ordered; from 908 before intervention to 389 and 361 after rst and second intervention, respectively. There was a signi cant relationship between audit and feedback and the meaningful reduction of 7 out of 15 laboratory tests including complete blood count (p = 0.002), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p = 0.01), C-reactive protein (p = 0.01), venous blood gas (p = 0.016), urine analysis (p = 0.005), blood culture (p = 0.045) and stool examination (p = 0.001).Conclusion The audit and feedback intervention, even in short duration, affects physician ordering behaviour. It should be designed in terms of behaviour-based intervention and diagnosis of the contributing factors in physicians' behaviour. Further studies are required to substantiate the effectiveness of such behaviour-based intervention strategies in changing physician behaviour.Keywords: audit and feedback, child, diagnostic tests, laboratory medicine, medical students, physicians, teaching rounds, test ordering, test request, utilisation review Declaration of interests: No confl ict of interests declaredAbstract Introduction

The aim of the present study was to identify the most important goal orientations and sport participation motives among teenage athletes in leisure time. In addition, these variables were prioritized and associations between all constructs have been studied. For this purpose, 376 Iranian teenage athletes were singled out by cluster-random sampling, and responded to Task and Ego Orientation Sport Questionnaire (T.E.O.S.Q), and Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ). The results of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) showed fit model indexes for twosome dimensions of sport goals, and five motives of sport participation (RMSEA ≤ .06; χ2 / df ≤ 3; Goodness Indexes≥ .90). Based on CFA and loadings, goals of task-orientation (r= .93) and egoorientation (r= .43) were identified for sport goals, and motives of energy release (r= .94), status (r = .76), fitness (r= .48), team atmosphere (r= .46), and skill development (r= .26) obtained for teenagers' sport participation, respectively. In general, the findings of the present study provided the adequate understanding for sport managers, coaches, physical educators and their parents by how sport motivation of teenagers, via satisfying teenager's motives specially motives of energy release and status, provided their satisfaction and gratification during long life.

Background. The consumer of a brand is able to influence brands through the use of social media, and this implies why the active relationship between consumers, brand and brand owners is important In the field of sports, fans as club customers also have the ability to influence the brand, including creating value. Therefore, investigating value creation strategies in brand communities based on the use of social media by the clubs' fans is a tangible necessity. Objectives. The current study is conducted to identify the value creation strategies in members of the brand community of fans in social media. Methods. The research has a qualitative design. At the initial stage, using library studies, important value creation factors were extracted and categorized into four categories related to branding, product, interaction and networking. In the second stage, a qualitative tool was used for coding and interpreting. The research process included the conduction of a semi-structured interview with 15 academic and executive experts of sports marketing and social media. Results. The findings of this study showed that four factors related to the value creation strategy including branding, effectiveness, networking and dynamization were identified regarding the value creation done by fans of professional clubs in social media. Conclusion. The overall conclusion obtained by the experts' point of view in terms of value creation done by fans in social media is that it is necessary to focus on these four areas professionally.

Abstract. Purpose: Today, when a group of people trying to reach the goal, manager and leader usually undertake the responsibility of the group. Coach renders influence on team members, while athletes work hard to achieve team goals. The purpose of the present study is relationship between leadership styles of coaches and sports actions of karate athletes. Material: The present study involves all active athletes of Super League karate in 91-92 season (N=100). The statistical sample was equal to statistical population (N=n). In order to collect information we used leadership style questionnaire Bos and Avlio (MLQ) and questionnaire of Scanlan & et al (SCMS). Internal validity questionnaire was approved by university professors and its reliability -by Cronbach's alpha test 0.86, and 0.79. Also for data analysis we used descriptive indicators of mean and standard deviation. Preliminary analysis of data proved normaldistribution by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. And then, we used measurements by Pearson, Spearman, MannWhitney U, Wilcoxon T, Friedman correlation coefficient of significance level (P<0.05). Results: there are significant differences between athletes' results and styles of leadership. There is significant correlation between the results with style Attraction (0.000), Idealized Influence (0.000), Inspirational (0.001), Intellectual stimulation (0.007), Individualized consideration (0.017), Exception Active (0.008) and Laissez-faire (0.041) (P< 0.05). Conclusions: for increased of athletes' results coach should use style Attraction, Idealized Influence, Inspirational, Intellectual stimulation, Individualized consideration, Exception Active and if coach wants to see success of his athletes at athletic fields he should comply the applied styles with sportsmen's results.

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