Bus services have played a significant role in public transportation, especially in urban areas throughout the years. Since bus services compete greatly with other types of public transportation, such as e-hailing services and private vehicles, they have recently attracted scholars to conduct many relevant studies. However, research in assessing public transport networks in urban areas by researchers by using systematic literature review is lacking. There are definitive gaps between quality standards set by the transportation regulatory authority and what bus operators can provide based on their obligations. Therefore, the present study had concentrated on the service quality of bus services in Asia by using the systematic literature review of articles. This study was based on previous studies, specifically on service quality of performance. Several previous studies were selected by using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRIMSA) approach. SCOPUS and Science Direct were chosen as the main journal database. Through this approach, 41 articles were selected for further analysis. This study was focused on three primary themes: study approach, stakeholders, and service quality attributes. An advanced analysis on these primary themes was used to formulate another 18 sub-themes. All themes and sub-themes which reflected the significant impacts of service quality towards bus services were discussed in detail. This study addressed several qualities of bus services and bus performance in regard to the improvement of urban transportation polices. Several recommendations that can provide necessary knowledge and information for future research were also presented.

Water is one of the cornerstones in human survival and a necessity for socio-economic development. Due to that, effective management of water demand especially in the rural area becomes vital. The objective of this study is to conduct a water demand study at Kenyir Lake, Terengganu using Micro-Component Analysis (MCA). Water demand is also being assessed using National Water Services Commissions (SPAN) Guidelines, parallel to water guidelines applied for Malaysia’s building and comparison purposes. MCA considers detailed parameters of water use activities of the respective study area, whereas SPAN Guidelines use the fixed values of average daily water demand according to the type of building. The available dataset was interpreted using MCA and SPAN Guidelines, resulting in total daily water demand at Kenyir Lake of 1249.8 m3 and 1254.1 m3 respectively. Estimated water demand using SPAN Guidelines is found to be higher than MCA. The value differences occur due to the average water demand value in the guideline that is limited to a specific type of premises and does not comply with premises there. The estimated water demand can be adopted as a baseline for water companies and the government to improve the demand and supply of water.

The increase in living standard would also be a major factor for rapid urban development, which is caused by the increase in the daily traffic volume. Therefore, traffic congestion can occur daily, especially during peak hours in the morning and late afternoon to cover the huge number of people movement. Moreover, the quality of bus services should be assessed on operational aspects provided by urban operators. Therefore, this paper is to determine the quality of service (QOS) of bus performance in Johor Bahru, Johor. The study was conducted in April 2019. Service quality data were taken at Terminal JB Sentral, Johor Bahru. The Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual (TCRPM) was adopted as the specific guidelines and key indicators to determine and analyse the QOS of bus performance in the selected area. The study focused on four specific areas, such as service hour, passenger load factor, on-time performance and service frequency. The study concluded that the passenger load factor was classified as QOS of Class B since passengers could still choose their seats during the journey. On the other hand, on-time performance was classified as QOS of Class E, as most passengers made one round trip per weekday with a transfer experience of not-on-time vehicles every day. The overall QOS for bus services in Johor Bharu was classified as QOS of Class D, which was considered as moderate because several issues on QOS should be addressed and rectified by stakeholders. Some improvement on these three attributes should be made to increase the QOS. The study outcome should be used as an indicator for operators to measure their bus services. Since Johor Bahru is a major city in Malaysia, authorities and the government can use the outcome as inputs to measure the effectiveness of public transportation in urban areas.

Since the escalated industrialisation and urbanisation process began traffic congestion has been a serious problem in many Malaysian cities. One of the solutions for the traffic congestion is by promoting public transport. Public transport is needed to manage the transport in cities. In 2007, a corporate body owned by the Malaysian Government named Prasarana Malaysia, introduced the Rapid bus service in Penang. Currently, Rapid bus is the main public transport operator in Penang. However, the bus service had some setbacks and passengers had publicly voiced their dissatisfaction. Therefore, to encourage more people in using the public transport, a better public transport system should be provided and improved occasionally. Previous comprehensive studies were inadequate, and thus a detailed analysis of the bus service performance in Penang is needed. The Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual (TCQSM) was chosen for guidelines. Based on reviews from journals and papers three (3) objectives which focused on service frequency, on time performance and passenger load factor were chosen for the study. The study was conducted to evaluate the bus service performance in Penang. The study results obtained the quality of service (QOS) of D for the Rapid bus service performance in Penang, which was regarded as satisfactory. This showed that buses in Penang needed to be greatly improved to change the passenger’s perceptions.

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