Phenol is considered a pollutant in the environment due to its toxicity and carcinogenic effect. Supported liquid membrane (SLM) is a good and promising technology for the removal of phenol from wastewater because it provides maximum driving force for the separation of targeted solute and simultaneous extraction and stripping process which lead to excellent separation. In this research, kerosene and palm oil liquid membranes were used as liquid membrane phase, aqueous phenol as the feed phase and aqueous sodium hydroxide as the stripping phase. Several factors such as feed phase pH, feed phase flow rate and concentration of stripping phase were studied.  The results show that the best extraction performance can achieve 35% at pH 4 of feed phase, 150 ml/min feed flow rate and 1.0 M of stripping phase concentration. The result was used to determine the probability of using palm oil as a liquid membrane. In the determination of the potential of using palm oil as the membrane phase, the results show that an equal portion of palm oil and kerosene mixture performed the best extraction with 43% efficiency.

In this work, the integration of polyethersulfone and hydroxyapatite was studied for vanillic acid separation. The polyethersulfone membranes were modified with hydroxyapatite via in-situ approach in order to enhance the performance of the membrane. The membranes were further characterized concerning permeability, morphology, membrane structural details, porosity and contact angle. The addition of hydroxyapatite in mixed matrix membrane increased the permeation rate from 19.05 L/m2.hr up to 95.76 L/m2.hr due to the increasing of hydrophilicity. The membrane permeability coefficients lie in the range of 1.909 – 10.05 L/m2.hr.bar which were nanofiltration range. The performances of the membrane exhibited higher rejection which showed the vanillic acid rejection up to 69.88% for modified membrane.

Prestasi pemisahan sistem membran penuras nano didapati sangat bergantung kepada kesan sterik dan cas. Kajian terdahulu telah menunjukkan bahawa kombinasi yang tepat di antara saiz liang (kesan sterik) dan ketumpatan cas berkesannya (kesan Donnan) akan memberikan prestasi pemisahan yang optimum. Justeru itu, keupayaan menghasilkan membran penuras nano bersifat optimum akan memberikan pembaikan yang signifikan dari aspek prestasi membran dan pengurangan kos pemprosesan. Oleh itu, objektif utama kajian teoritikal ini ialah untuk menyelidik kesan interaktif saiz liang (rp) dan ketumpatan cas membran, (Xd) terhadap prestasi pemisahan. Dua parameter tanpa dimensi telah digunakan iaitu λ (λ = rs/rp) dan ζ(ζ = Xd/Cb). Pengangkutan elektrolit melalui membran penuras nano tersebut ditentukan dengan menggunakan model liang sterik-donnan (DSPM). Pelbagai larutan garam dengan pelbagai saiz liang dan kesan cas diuji dengan menggunakan model tersebut. Kajian menunjukkan bahawa untuk kes membran dengan kapasiti cas berkesan yang tinggi, faktor Donnan didapati lebih penting untuk membran yang longgar strukturnya. Sumbangan faktor Donnan ini berkurangan dengan peningkatan saiz liang membran. Sebaliknya, untuk membran berketumpatan cas yang rendah, kesan faktor Donnan terhadap tolakan ion boleh diabaikan, tanpa bergantung kepada saiz liang. Kata kunci: Penurasan nano, DSPM, ketumpatan caj berkesan, saiz liang, teoritikal The separation performance of NF membrane system is found to be significantly dependent on the steric and charge effects. Previous studies have shown that the right combination of membrane pore size (steric effect) and its effective charge density (donnan effect) will lead to an optimum separation performance. Hence, the ability to produce nanofiltration membranes with optimized properties will certainly provide significant improvement in terms of membrane performance and processing cost reduction. Therefore, the main objective of this theoretical study is to investigate the interactive effect of membrane pore size (rp) and membrane charge density, (Xd) towards the separation performance. Two general dimensionless parameters were used namely λ (λ = rs/rp) and ζ(ζ = Xd/Cb). The electrolyte transport through nanofiltration membranes is determined using a model based on the application of the extended Nernst–Planck equation coupled with Donnan–steric pore model (DSPM). A variety of salt solution with various pore size and charge effect was tested using the above–mentioned model. It was found that for the case of membranes with high effective charge density, the Donnan factor is more prominent for loose membranes. The contribution of the factor decreased with the increase of membrane pore size. Vice versa, for the lower charge density membrane, the effect of Donnan factor towards ion rejection could be neglected, regardless of membrane pore sizes. Key words: Nanofiltration, DSPM, membrane charge density, pore size, theoretical

The application of polyethersulfone (PES) as the base polymer for the fabrication of ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF) membrane has been vastly studied for several decades. PES had been the material of choice owing to its superior selectivity, stability, good thermal and mechanical strength. However, despite the advantages, the hydrophobicity of PES still remains to be the prime constraint for the wide utilization of this polymer as the opted fabrication material for protein application since hydrophobic surfaces is known to be very susceptible to fouling. Therefore, in this study, ultrafiltration polyethersulfone (UF-PES) membrane has been modified to render the surface with hydrophilic property. The modification is done by using a simple dip coating technique, utilizing myoglobin as the coating reagent. The pH of the coating solution was fixed to pH 7.0 and the concentration of myoglobin was varied to 30, 50 and 70 mg/L. Membranes were named as MPH7-30, MPH7-50 and MPH7-70 with regard to the concentration of the myoglobin solution. To assess the hydrophilicity characteristics, these surface modified membranes were subjected to contact angle analysis. Membranes were also submitted to Attenuated Total Reflection -Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Electro Kinetic Analyzer (EKA) and molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) evaluations. Membrane coated with myoglobin solution of pH 7.0 with 50 mg/L concentration (MPH7-50), shows a very remarkable characteristics and performances. Owing to this, MPH7-50 membrane was applied in the ultrafiltration of lysozyme. The stability of the membrane was also estimated from the pure water flux analysis Results showed that, MPH7-50 provides a high flux(21.95 L/m 2 .h) as well as transmission (98%), thus its utilization for protein components is indeed to be promising. ABSTRAK Aplikasi polyethersulfone sebagai polimer asas di dalam fabrikasi membran penuras ultra dan mikro telah dikaji selama berdekad. PES menjadi pilihan disebabkan oleh ciri-cirinya iaitu tahap

The discharge of reactive dyes into the environment has led to the toxicity problems especially to the aquatic organism. Therefore, there is a necessity for treatment of the reactive dyes from wastewater. In this work, Red 3BS reactive dye was separated using supported liquid membrane process. Commercial polypropylene (PP) membrane was used as a support of kerosene-tridodecylamine liquid membrane. Several important parameters such as flow rate, pH of feed phase, initial concentration of feed phase and stripping agent concentration were investigated. The result shows that for 50 ppm Red 3BS solution containing 0.00001M Na2SiO3 almost 100 and 89% of Red 3BS was removed and recovered respectively at the favorable condition of  0.1 M NaOH as a stripping agent, pH 3 of feed phase and 100 ml/min of flow rate.